來自約翰霍普金斯大學(xué)Kimmel癌癥中心的科學(xué)家們開發(fā)了一種測(cè)試方法,,利用常規(guī)巴氏檢測(cè)(Pap test)獲得的宮頸分泌物來檢測(cè)卵巢癌及子宮內(nèi)膜癌,。在一項(xiàng)初步研究中,研究人員采用這種命名為“PapGene”的測(cè)試方法,,依靠全基因組測(cè)序癌癥特異性突變,,檢測(cè)出了全部24個(gè)子宮內(nèi)膜癌,以及22個(gè)卵巢癌其中的9個(gè),,準(zhǔn)確率分別為100%和41%,。這些實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果發(fā)布在1月9日的《科學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)化醫(yī)學(xué)》(Science Translational Medicine)雜志上。
盡管研究人員指出在臨床應(yīng)用前還需要開展較大規(guī)模的測(cè)試,,他們也表示相信這種測(cè)試方法有潛力開創(chuàng)出新的全基因組癌癥篩查檢測(cè),。
巴氏測(cè)試是一種從子宮頸部獲取細(xì)胞,顯微鏡下檢測(cè)癌癥跡象的診斷方法,,被廣泛及成功應(yīng)用于宮頸癌篩查,。然而,當(dāng)前卻還沒有適用于卵巢癌和子宮內(nèi)膜癌的常規(guī)的篩查方法,。
約翰霍普金斯大學(xué)腫瘤學(xué)副教授,、Swim Across America實(shí)驗(yàn)室主任Luis Diaz博士說:“由于巴氏檢測(cè)偶爾包含有從卵巢或子宮內(nèi)膜脫落的細(xì)胞,來自這些器官的腫瘤細(xì)胞可能也存在于分泌液中。我們的基因組測(cè)序方法有潛力以一種可擴(kuò)展的,、符合成本效益的方式檢測(cè)這些癌細(xì)胞,。”
研究人員說,在婦科癌癥患者的宮頸液中,,正常細(xì)胞的DNA與來自癌細(xì)胞的DNA混雜在一起,。他們的任務(wù)是利用基因組測(cè)序?qū)┬訢NA與正常DNA區(qū)分開來。
為了區(qū)分測(cè)試中基因組區(qū)域的優(yōu)先次序,,科學(xué)家們不得不先確定卵巢癌和子宮內(nèi)膜癌中最常見的遺傳改變,。他們搜查了公開的全基因組卵巢癌研究,尋找卵巢癌特異性突變,。由于無法獲得最常見子宮內(nèi)膜癌類型的全基因組研究,,他們還對(duì)22個(gè)子宮內(nèi)膜癌展開了全基因組測(cè)序研究。
通過這些卵巢癌和子宮內(nèi)膜癌基因組數(shù)據(jù),,約翰霍普金斯大學(xué)研究小組在兩種癌癥中發(fā)現(xiàn)了12個(gè)最常見的突變基因,,基于這些認(rèn)知開發(fā)出了PapGene測(cè)試。
隨后研究人員用PapGene檢測(cè)了來自卵巢癌和子宮內(nèi)膜癌患者的巴氏檢測(cè)樣本,。新測(cè)試檢測(cè)出了早期及晚期階段的子宮內(nèi)膜癌和卵巢癌,。對(duì)照組中沒有任何健康婦女被錯(cuò)誤歸類患有癌癥。
研究人員下一步打算用PapGene檢測(cè)更多地樣本,,并致力提高檢測(cè)卵巢癌的靈敏度,。“在月經(jīng)周期的不同時(shí)間進(jìn)行測(cè)試,將宮頸刷深插到宮頸管中,,評(píng)估更多的基因組區(qū)域,,采取這些措施或許能夠提高檢測(cè)的靈敏度,”約翰霍普金斯大學(xué)神經(jīng)外科助理教授Chetan Bettegowda博士說,。
在美國(guó),,每年有近7萬婦女被確診卵巢癌和子宮內(nèi)膜癌,大約三分之一的婦女死于這些疾病,。
“全基因組測(cè)試或可幫助早期檢測(cè)卵巢癌和子宮內(nèi)膜癌,使更多的人得到治愈,,”研究生Yuxuan Wang說,。新測(cè)試的費(fèi)用可能與當(dāng)前的宮頸液HPV測(cè)試相似,不會(huì)超過100美元,。
研究人員表示,,盡管PapGene是一種高靈敏度方法,可用于檢測(cè)癌癥特異性DNA突變,,然而在擴(kuò)增,、測(cè)序和分析等多個(gè)步驟過程中,有可能錯(cuò)誤生成假性突變。研究人員還需要為PapGene測(cè)序方法建立一種保障策略,,以清除可能導(dǎo)致錯(cuò)誤測(cè)試結(jié)果的假象,。
“如果不加解析,假象有可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致錯(cuò)誤的假陽性測(cè)試結(jié)果,,錯(cuò)誤認(rèn)定健康人患癌,,”研究生Isaac Kinde說。
Kinde開發(fā)了一種方法,,在樣品制備的初期階段,,在每個(gè)DNA片段上添加一種獨(dú)特的遺傳條碼。盡管在最終測(cè)序前每個(gè)DNA片段都會(huì)多次拷貝,,通過他們的遺傳條碼可以追溯所有的新拷貝DNA至原始的DNA分子,。如果來自同一DNA分子的拷貝并非都包含相同的突變,研究人員就會(huì)將之視作是一種假象,,從而排除這一突變,。而真正的突變,在最初加條碼之前就會(huì)存在于樣本中,,因此也將存在于原始DNA分子及其所有來源于它的拷貝中,。(生物谷Bioon.com)
DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3004952
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Evaluation of DNA from the Papanicolaou Test to Detect Ovarian and Endometrial Cancers
Isaac Kinde1,*, Chetan Bettegowda1,2,*, Yuxuan Wang1,*, Jian Wu1,3, Nishant Agrawal1,4,Ie-Ming Shih5, Robert Kurman5, Fanny Dao6, Douglas A. Levine6, Robert Giuntoli7, Richard Roden5,James R. Eshleman5, Jesus Paula Carvalho8, Suely Kazue Nagahashi Marie8,9,Nickolas Papadopoulos1, Kenneth W. Kinzler1, Bert Vogelstein1,† and Luis A. Diaz Jr.1,†
Papanicolaou (Pap) smears have revolutionized the management of patients with cervical cancers by permitting the detection of early, surgically curable tumors and their precursors. In recent years, the traditional Pap smear has been replaced by a liquid-based method, which allows not only cytologic evaluation but also collection of DNA for detection of human papillomavirus, the causative agent of cervical cancer. We reasoned that this routinely collected DNA could be exploited to detect somatic mutations present in rare tumor cells that accumulate in the cervix once shed from endometrial or ovarian cancers. A panel of genes that are commonly mutated in endometrial and ovarian cancers was assembled with new whole-exome sequencing data from 22 endometrial cancers and previously published data on other tumor types. We used this panel to search for mutations in 24 endometrial and 22 ovarian cancers and identified mutations in all 46 samples. With a sensitive massively parallel sequencing method, we were able to identify the same mutations in the DNA from liquid Pap smear specimens in 100% of endometrial cancers (24 of 24) and in 41% of ovarian cancers (9 of 22). Prompted by these findings, we developed a sequence-based method to query mutations in 12 genes in a single liquid Pap smear specimen without previous knowledge of the tumor’s genotype. When applied to 14 samples selected from the positive cases described above, the expected tumor-specific mutations were identified. These results demonstrate that DNA from most endometrial and a fraction of ovarian cancers can be detected in a standard liquid-based Pap smear specimen obtained during routine pelvic examination. Although improvements need to be made before applying this test in a routine clinical manner, it represents a promising step toward a broadly applicable screening methodology for the early detection of gynecologic malignancies.