在非洲大草原上,,一頭獵豹和一頭獅子因?yàn)闋帄Z瞪羚而大打出手,;在北美大森林中,一株黑云杉伸展著它的根系與枝葉,,只為從松樹那里搶奪更多的光線和水源,。親緣關(guān)系相近的物種經(jīng)常會為了獲取資源而展開競爭。然而如今研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個不同尋常的例外:一種植物會為了食物與一種動物展開競爭,。
據(jù)美國《科學(xué)》雜志在線新聞報道,,科學(xué)家所討論的物種是茅膏菜(Drosera capillaris)和以昆蟲為食的狼蛛(Sosippus floridanus)。為了捕捉昆蟲,,茅膏菜會用黏液形成的小珠覆蓋在它們的葉片上,并用消化酶處理掉這些食物,;而狼蛛則會織出密集的蛛網(wǎng),。茅膏菜和狼蛛都生活在美國佛羅里達(dá)州南部潮濕的沼澤附近,,并且都以不同種類的小蟲為食,例如蒼蠅,、螞蟻,、蟋蟀以及跳蟲。這種交集不由得讓坦帕市南佛羅里達(dá)大學(xué)的生態(tài)學(xué)家Jason Rohr尋思——這兩個物種是否也會為了資源而戰(zhàn),。
Rohr和他的同事在佛羅里達(dá)州進(jìn)行了野外調(diào)查,,測量并計算了茅膏菜和狼蛛的位置和數(shù)量。為了評估這兩個物種可用的食物資源,,研究人員還在這一地區(qū)捕捉了昆蟲,。他們注意到,一旦周圍有茅膏菜,,狼蛛便會織出更大的蛛網(wǎng)——這顯然是為了捕捉更多的昆蟲,,反之亦然。Rohr表示:“就蛛網(wǎng)的編織而言,,狼蛛似乎對(與茅膏菜的)競爭程度有著敏銳的把握,。”
為了搞清來自狼蛛的競爭對茅膏菜產(chǎn)生了怎樣的影響,Rohr的研究小組將這場戰(zhàn)斗搬回了實(shí)驗(yàn)室,。研究人員將茅膏菜和狼蛛放置在玻璃容器中,,并且將蟋蟀放入其中作為兩者的食物。就像預(yù)期的那樣,,在沒有狼蛛的玻璃缸內(nèi),,茅膏菜長出了許多的葉片和芽孢。但是在動植物兼有的容器內(nèi),,狼蛛會在茅膏菜的葉子捕獲到蟋蟀之前便吃掉許多的小蟲,。這一情況導(dǎo)致茅膏菜只能分得較少的資源,后果是生出更少的葉,、結(jié)出更少的籽,、開出更少的花。研究人員在5月12日的英國《皇家學(xué)會學(xué)報B卷》網(wǎng)絡(luò)版上報告了這一研究成果,。
盡管人們通常都不會認(rèn)為植物和動物會限制彼此的食物供給,,但Rohr認(rèn)為,一定還有其他類似的競爭模式等待科學(xué)家去發(fā)現(xiàn),。他和同事下一步打算研究橡樹蟾蜍——一種同樣以昆蟲為食的生活在沼澤中的小型兩棲動物——的存在將對茅膏菜產(chǎn)生怎樣的影響,。他說:“這種競爭很可能是一種非常普遍的現(xiàn)象,但我們需要證明這一點(diǎn),。”
美國哈佛大學(xué)的生態(tài)學(xué)家Aaron Ellison認(rèn)為研究人員完成了“一篇非常具有說服力的論文”,。他強(qiáng)調(diào),對于那些曾推測過生物界間競爭的科學(xué)家而言,,這項(xiàng)研究給出了一個非常好的證明,。這樣一個實(shí)例的發(fā)現(xiàn)——一種活體能動的蜘蛛與一種僅僅待在原地等待獵物上門的植物之間的競爭,,給塔拉哈西市佛羅里達(dá)州立大學(xué)的生態(tài)學(xué)家Thomas Miller留下了深刻的印象。他說:“超越了植物與動物的差別,,它們完全是兩種不同類型的捕獵者,,并且它們能夠?qū)Ρ舜水a(chǎn)生重要影響。”(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推薦原文出處:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2010.0465
Evidence for competition between carnivorous plants and spiders
David E. Jennings1,*, James J. Krupa2, Thomas R. Raffel1 and Jason R. Rohr1
1Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
2Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
Several studies have demonstrated that competition between disparate taxa can be important in determining community structure, yet surprisingly, to our knowledge, no quantitative studies have been conducted on competition between carnivorous plants and animals. To examine potential competition between these taxa, we studied dietary and microhabitat overlap between pink sundews (Drosera capillaris) and wolf spiders (Lycosidae) in the field, and conducted a laboratory experiment examining the effects of wolf spiders on sundew fitness. In the field, we found that sundews and spiders had a high dietary overlap with each other and with the available arthropod prey. Associations between sundews and spiders depended on spatial scale: both sundews and spiders were found more frequently in quadrats with more abundant prey, but within quadrats, spiders constructed larger webs and located them further away from sundews as the total sundew trapping area increased, presumably to reduce competition. Spiders also constructed larger webs when fewer prey were available. In the laboratory, our experiment revealed that spiders can significantly reduce sundew fitness. Our findings suggest that members of the plant and animal kingdoms can and do compete.