美國國家研究委員會(huì)發(fā)表的一份新報(bào)告指出,，環(huán)境基因組的新興研究領(lǐng)域，將為科學(xué)家提供最好的機(jī)會(huì),，并使科學(xué)家對(duì)微生物世界的理解發(fā)生革命性的變化,。在這一領(lǐng)域里，科學(xué)家還可以同時(shí)對(duì)整個(gè)微生物群落的DNA進(jìn)行研究,。
這份研究報(bào)告呼吁科學(xué)家們進(jìn)行一項(xiàng)新的全球環(huán)境基因組研究計(jì)劃,，以推動(dòng)該研究領(lǐng)域的發(fā)展，就像人類基因組計(jì)劃推動(dòng)我們的遺傳密碼草圖一樣,。
微生物對(duì)于地球上的生命是至關(guān)重要的,，它們可以將重要的元素轉(zhuǎn)換為能量，保持大氣中的化學(xué)平衡,，為植物和動(dòng)物提供養(yǎng)分,。微生物還可以用于實(shí)現(xiàn)許多商業(yè)目的，如制造抗生素,、提高農(nóng)業(yè)效率以及生產(chǎn)生物燃料,。
從歷史觀點(diǎn)上來看，微生物學(xué)主要集中于研究個(gè)體物種,。但大多數(shù)微生物的復(fù)雜群落無法在實(shí)驗(yàn)室里培養(yǎng),。這份新的研究報(bào)告指出，環(huán)境基因組研究將使科學(xué)家能夠研究整個(gè)微生物群落,，而改變現(xiàn)代微生物學(xué),。這些用于研究的微生物大多數(shù)是此前未知，且不能在實(shí)驗(yàn)里培養(yǎng)的物種,。研究目的在于厘清微生物間的相互作用如何平衡大氣組成,、對(duì)抗疾病及支持植物生長。
環(huán)境基因組研究是從生活于一個(gè)特定環(huán)境樣本中的所有微生物中萃取出DNA,。萃取出的遺傳物質(zhì)由上百萬個(gè)DNA隨機(jī)碎片組成，新的DNA序列測定技術(shù)和功能更強(qiáng)大的計(jì)算機(jī),，能夠幫助科學(xué)家使這些環(huán)境基因組拼圖變得有意義,。這份報(bào)告的作者是霍華德休斯醫(yī)療學(xué)院教授、美國麥迪遜威斯康星大學(xué)植物病理學(xué)和細(xì)菌學(xué)系主任兼研究委員會(huì)聯(lián)合主席Jo Handelsman。
(資料來源 : Bio.com)
英文原文：
New Science of Metagenomics 'Will Transform Modern Microbiology'
03/27/07 -- The emerging field of metagenomics, where the DNA of entire communities of microbes is studied simultaneously, presents the greatest opportunity -- perhaps since the invention of the microscope -- to revolutionize understanding of the microbial world, says a new report from the National Research Council. The report calls for a new Global Metagenomics Initiative to drive advances in the field in the same way that the Human Genome Project advanced the mapping of our genetic code.
Microorganisms are essential to life on Earth, transforming key elements into energy, maintaining the chemical balance in the atmosphere, providing plants and animals with nutrients, and performing other functions necessary for survival. There are billions of benign microbes in the human body, for example, that help to digest food, break down toxins, and fight off disease-causing microbes. Microbes are used commercially for many purposes, including making antibiotics, remediating oil spills, enhancing crop production, and producing biofuels.
Historically, microbiology focused on the study of individual species of organisms that could be grown in a laboratory and examined under a microscope, but most of the life-supporting activities of microbes are carried out by complex communities of microorganisms, and many cannot be grown in laboratory culture. Metagenomics will transform modern microbiology by giving scientists the tools to study entire communities of microbes -- the vast majority of which are likely to be previously unknown species that cannot be cultured -- and how they interact to perform such functions as balancing the atmosphere's composition, fighting disease, and supporting plant growth, the new report says.
"Metagenomics lets us see into the previously invisible microbial world, opening a frontier of science that was unimaginable until recently," said Jo Handelsman, Howard Hughes Medical Institute Professor, departments of plant pathology and bacteriology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, and co-chair of the committee that wrote the report. "Shedding light on thousands of new microorganisms will lead to new biological concepts as well as practical applications for human health, agriculture, and environmental stewardship."
Metagenomics studies begin by extracting DNA from all the microbes living in a particular environmental sample; there could be thousands or even millions of organisms in one sample. The extracted genetic material consists of millions of random fragments of DNA that can be cloned into a form capable of being maintained in laboratory bacteria. These bacteria are used to create a "library" that includes the genomes of all the microbes found in a habitat, the natural environment of the organisms. Although the genomes are fragmented, new DNA sequencing technology and more powerful computers are allowing scientists to begin making sense of these metagenomic jigsaw puzzles. They can examine gene sequences from thousands of previously unknown microorganisms, or induce the bacteria to express proteins that are screened for capabilities such as vitamin production or antibiotic resistance.
The Research Council report was requested by several federal agencies interested in the potential of metagenomics and how best to encourage its success. In particular, the committee was asked to recommend promising directions for future studies. It concluded that the most efficient way to boost the field of metagenomics overall would be to establish a Global Metagenomics Initiative that includes a few large-scale, internationally coordinated projects and numerous medium- and small-size studies.
"Because the challenges and opportunities presented by metagenomics are so enormous, a major commitment equivalent to that of the Human Genome Project is both justified and necessary," added committee co-chair James M. Tiedje, University Distinguished Professor of Microbiology and director of the Center for Microbial Ecology, Michigan State University, East Lansing.
The goal of the large projects should be to characterize in great detail carefully chosen microbial communities in habitats worldwide, the report says. These studies could unite scientists from multiple disciplines around the study of a particular sample, habitat, function, or analytical challenge, the report adds. For example, one large project could focus on the microbial community associated with the human body, while others could focus on soil and seawater, or managed environments such as sludge processing sites.
The large projects would be "virtual" centers collecting data from scientists working at many locations around the world, and would probably need to be sustained for 10 years, the report notes. They would also serve as incubators for the development of novel techniques and community databases that would inform investigators running smaller experiments. In addition, the large studies would provide the "big science" appeal that is often useful in igniting public interest.
The metagenomics research community will include scientists funded by many government agencies working on many different habitats. These scientists should be encouraged to work together to disseminate advances, agree on common standards, and develop guidelines for best practices, the committee said. Such collaboration between government agencies should be facilitated by a group like the Microbe Project, an interagency committee that was formed in 2000 to advance "genome-enabled microbial science."
Noting that the data generated by the Human Genome Project were quickly made available in a public database, making them more valuable to researchers, the committee urged that metagenomic data likewise be made publicly available in international archives as rapidly as possible. The databases should include not only gene sequences but also information about sampling and DNA extraction techniques, as well as the computational and algorithmic methods used to analyze the data.
Source: The National Academies
