生物谷報道:研究人員2007年12月10日在《致癌基因》(Oncogene)上發(fā)表論文稱,,可以期望通過試驗找到藥物,,能夠抑制ER+乳腺癌的細(xì)胞周期蛋白D1,,這一治療乳腺癌的研究方向是正確的。這些正在進(jìn)行ER+乳腺癌藥物試驗的試劑,,也在其它類型的癌癥中測試,。這項研究結(jié)果是將它們應(yīng)用于治療乳腺癌的分子生物學(xué)基礎(chǔ)。
該論文的第一作者是Maria Silvina Frech,,她在喬治城完成該項研究,,現(xiàn)在在美國國家癌癥研究院做博士后。她說,,人人都知道細(xì)胞周期蛋白D1在乳腺癌中作用重大,,但沒有人知道,在腫瘤中過量表達(dá)雌激素受體的同時,,缺少細(xì)胞周期蛋白D1會造成什么樣的影響?,F(xiàn)在我們找出了答案,我們希望這個研究成果可以幫助我們更深入地了解乳腺癌,,以及幫助開發(fā)乳腺癌的新療法,。
倫巴第綜合癌癥中心(Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center)的教授、該項研究的高級研究員Priscilla Furth表示,,該項研究的成果讓人們了解,,無論是正在試驗的,還是將來開發(fā)出的,,能間接抑制細(xì)胞周期蛋白D1功能的藥物,,都有可能給大量患有乳腺癌的婦女帶來福音。
細(xì)胞周期蛋白調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞周期蛋白依賴性的蛋白激酶(cyclin-dependent kinases,,CDKs)的活性,,CDKs進(jìn)而控制細(xì)胞分裂。CDKs是細(xì)胞增殖周期中的主要促進(jìn)因子,。細(xì)胞周期蛋白D1就是細(xì)胞周期蛋白家族的成員之一,。在許多癌癥中可看到,細(xì)胞周期蛋白D1出現(xiàn)過量表達(dá),,或者該基因的拷貝數(shù)增加,。Furth的實驗室接著繼續(xù)研究ER+乳腺癌和細(xì)胞周期蛋白D1間的關(guān)系。
Furth和Frech于2005年發(fā)表研究結(jié)果,,顯示在小鼠中ERα(雌激素受體的主要亞型,,能調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞的生長,,在ER+乳腺癌中起重要作用)的過量表達(dá),會導(dǎo)致出現(xiàn)乳腺癌和乳房腺管原位癌(ductal carcinoma in situ,,DCIS)的早期發(fā)育,。接著他們在病變部位發(fā)現(xiàn),細(xì)胞周期蛋白D1出現(xiàn)過量表達(dá),,但周圍的正常組織則沒有,。Frech說,一旦癌癥的發(fā)育過程開始,,細(xì)胞周期蛋白D1的過量表達(dá)也開始,。這個發(fā)現(xiàn)讓人振奮,但仍然不確切清楚細(xì)胞周期蛋白D1在ER+乳腺癌中的角色,。
為了搞清楚這個蛋白在這些乳腺癌中的作用,,F(xiàn)rech、 Furth,、Kathleen Torre和Gertraud W Robinson決定用遺傳學(xué)的方法來解決這個問題,。他們構(gòu)建了同時過量表達(dá)ERα和敲除細(xì)胞周期蛋白D1的動物模型。
他們曾認(rèn)為,,在這些動物中DCIS的發(fā)生率會降低,,然而事實上他們發(fā)現(xiàn),這些動物完全沒有了乳腺組織,。正常情況下,,乳腺組織內(nèi)包含有乳導(dǎo)管。她說,,這非常非常令人吃驚,。組成乳腺組織的大多數(shù)細(xì)胞完全消失,取而代之的是一些不應(yīng)該在這里出現(xiàn)的結(jié)構(gòu)性組織,。
Frech說,,僅僅缺少細(xì)胞周期蛋白D1的雌性小鼠,青春期誘發(fā)的乳腺組織的發(fā)育是基本正常的,。沒有了細(xì)胞周期蛋白D1,乳腺組織的完全缺失,,使得過量表達(dá)ERα失去了意義,。她說,“這是驚人的,,相當(dāng)不尋常”,。
Frech說,要解決這個問題非常困難,。她在這項研究中努力工作了3年,,獲得了博士學(xué)位,。她說他們最終發(fā)現(xiàn),當(dāng)敲除細(xì)胞周期蛋白D1基因時,,另一個主要的細(xì)胞周期蛋白E的含量會增加,。在這些過量表達(dá)ERα 的小鼠中,正在發(fā)育的腺體會因為細(xì)胞周期蛋白E的大量產(chǎn)生而出現(xiàn)DNA損傷及死亡,。
她說,,他們也發(fā)現(xiàn)了當(dāng)細(xì)胞周期蛋白D1不再是維持正常乳房細(xì)胞所必需時,它們就成為不正常乳腺細(xì)胞增殖的關(guān)鍵,。細(xì)胞周期蛋白D1這種不一樣的用途,,似乎只在早期乳腺癌中存在。這證實了在乳腺癌中減少細(xì)胞周期蛋白D1不會傷害正常的細(xì)胞,。目前正在進(jìn)行臨床試驗的實驗試劑,,通過靶向CDKs來阻斷細(xì)胞周期蛋白的功能。例如flavopiridol就是一種強(qiáng)力的CDK抑制劑,,目前正在進(jìn)行包括乳腺癌在內(nèi)的一系列腫瘤的臨床試驗,。她說,當(dāng)與其它分子靶向的試劑聯(lián)合使用,,臨床試驗的效果很不錯,。
生物谷推薦原始出處:
Oncogene advance online publication 10 December 2007; doi: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210974
Loss of cyclin D1 in concert with deregulated estrogen receptor expression induces DNA damage response activation and interrupts mammary gland morphogenesis
M S Frech1, K M Torre1, G W Robinson2 and P A Furth1
1Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
2Laboratory of Genetics and Physiology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
Correspondence: Dr MS Frech, Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007, USA. E-mail: [email protected]
Received 23 August 2007; Revised 2 November 2007; Accepted 6 November 2007; Published online 10 December 2007.
We have previously shown that increased and deregulated estrogen receptor expression in the mammary gland leads to the development of proliferative disease and cancer. To address the importance of cyclin D1 in ER-mediated mammary tumorigenesis, we crossed ER-overexpressing mice with cyclin D1 knockout mice. Mammary gland morphogenesis was completely interrupted in the ER-overexpressing cyclin D1-deficient triple transgenic mice. In addition to a highly significant reduction in mammary epithelial cell proliferation, cyclin E was upregulated resulting in DNA damage checkpoint activation and apoptosis. This imbalance between proliferative and apoptotic rates in conjunction with remarkable structural defects and cellular disorganization in the terminal end buds interrupted ductal morphogenesis. Interestingly, the structure of the mammary fat pad was fundamentally altered by the consequences of overexpressing ER in the epithelial cells in the absence of cyclin D1 illustrating how alterations in the epithelial compartment can impact surrounding stromal composition. Transplantation of embryonic ER-overexpressing and cyclin D1-deficient mammary epithelium into the cleared fat pad of wild-type mice did not rescue the aberrant mammary gland phenotype indicating that it was intrinsic to the mammary epithelial cells. In conclusion, although cyclin D1 is not essential for proliferation of normal mammary epithelial cells, ER-overexpressing cells are absolutely dependent on cyclin D1 for proliferation. This differential requirement for cyclin D1 in normal vs abnormal mammary epithelial cells supports the application of cyclin D1 inhibitors as therapeutic interventions in ER-overexpressing breast cancers.
Keywords:
ER, cyclin D1, cyclin E, DNA damage, mammary gland