不同物種孕育繁殖的過程千差萬別,,巨大的生育差異意味著不同物種的胎盤必然不同,,但胚胎是如何進化分支最終演變成這樣千差萬別的呢?美國斯坦福大學一項新的遺傳學研究揭示了不同物種的胎盤進化淵源,。研究表明,,胎盤基因不斷進化調(diào)整自身,,形成物種特異性基因,以適應老鼠,、大象,、人類等等各個物種的不同繁殖需要。相關論文發(fā)表在5月的《基因組研究》(Genome Research)雜志上,。
胚胎生長需要營養(yǎng),。大多數(shù)鳥類和爬行動物都通過卵殼內(nèi)側附著的一層薄膜來為胚胎交換氧氣和提供營養(yǎng)。哺乳動物的胚胎則相對復雜,,母體和胎兒的組織共同組成一個中空結構包圍起胎兒,,在母體的免疫系統(tǒng)保護下,胎盤將來自母體的氧氣和營養(yǎng)傳遞給胎兒,,并將胎兒的代謝廢物和二氧化碳清除出去,。
為了解這個復雜系統(tǒng)的進化機制,斯坦福大學生物學家朱莉·貝克和研究生克絲汀·諾克斯再現(xiàn)了形成和調(diào)控胚胎的基因進化史,。他們檢測了老鼠懷孕不同階段的胎盤,,并從母體和胎兒中分別分離提取了RNA進行分析。根據(jù)實驗結果估計,,哺乳動物形成胎盤的機制很可能和鳥類,、爬行動物以及其他生產(chǎn)無膜卵的生物有著相似的遺傳特性。
通過分析鼠類和人類成熟胎盤的活性基因,,研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn),,當老鼠的胎盤成熟時,有一半的活性基因是嚙齒類特異性的,,而發(fā)育完全的人類胎盤中則有四分之一是靈長類動物特異性的。這表明,,不同物種的胎盤通過特異性新基因的引進和形成來應對自身繁殖的不同需要,。需要指出的是,鼠類的心臟和子宮并不利用嚙齒類基因的優(yōu)勢,,而是利用脊椎動物的特異基因,。這表明,與其他器官相比,,物種特異的新基因在動物胎盤中發(fā)揮著更重要的作用,。(來源:科技日報 張佳星)
生物谷推薦原始出處:
(Genome Research),DOI: 10.1101/gr.071407.107,,Kirstin Knox and Julie C. Baker
Genomic evolution of the placenta using co-option and duplication and divergence
Kirstin Knox and Julie C. Baker1
Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94062, USA
The invention of the placenta facilitated the evolution of mammals. How the placenta evolved from the simple structure observed in birds and reptiles into the complex organ that sustains human life is one of the great mysteries of evolution. By using a timecourse microarray analysis including the entire lifetime of the placenta, we uncover molecular and genomic changes that underlie placentation and find that two distinct evolutionary mechanisms were utilized during placental evolution in mice and human. Ancient genes involved in growth and metabolism were co-opted for use during early embryogenesis, likely enabling the accelerated development of extraembryonic tissues. Recently duplicated genes are utilized at later stages of placentation to meet the metabolic needs of a diverse range of pregnancy physiologies. Together, these mechanisms served to develop the specialized placenta, a novel structure that led to expansion of the eutherian mammal, including humankind.