最近,,中科院昆明動(dòng)物研究所中德馬普進(jìn)化基因組學(xué)青年科學(xué)家小組博士生周琦等人在其導(dǎo)師王文研究員的指導(dǎo)下,,在我國(guó)特有的一類保護(hù)動(dòng)物黑麂體內(nèi)首次證明了哺乳動(dòng)物新似性染色體的存在。該新似Y染色體雖然不含有性別決定基因,,但在減數(shù)分裂中十分類似于原有的Y染色體,,只在雄性中存在,而且由于大尺度倒位的存在不能與其同源染色體重組,。該新似染色體還十分年輕,,僅僅起源于大約50萬(wàn)年前,為科學(xué)家研究哺乳動(dòng)物性染色體的進(jìn)化如原始Y染色體連鎖基因的退化,,以及劑量補(bǔ)償系統(tǒng)的產(chǎn)生和進(jìn)化提供了極為難得的模型,。大量基因組序列分析發(fā)現(xiàn)黑麂的新似Y染色體上的遺傳多態(tài)性發(fā)生了顯著的下降,基因編碼區(qū)積累了很多改變氨基酸極性或電荷的有害突變,,調(diào)控序列區(qū)也產(chǎn)生了能顯著改變相關(guān)基因表達(dá)水平的突變,。這些結(jié)果提示,哺乳動(dòng)物的Y染色體退化過(guò)程沒(méi)有像果蠅那樣快速,,并且哺乳動(dòng)物的Y染色體退化包含了復(fù)雜的調(diào)控序列的改變,,表達(dá)水平的劑量補(bǔ)償很可能是以單個(gè)基因的模式進(jìn)化出來(lái)。
據(jù)悉,,人類決定雄性的Y染色體起源于1.6億年以前和X染色體同源的一條常染色體,。由于不能進(jìn)行正常的重組,Y染色體在漫長(zhǎng)的進(jìn)化過(guò)程中,,已經(jīng)退化得十分厲害,,只保留了幾十個(gè)與雄性決定相關(guān)的基因。為闡明這一經(jīng)典的“Y染色體的退化”問(wèn)題,,遺傳學(xué)家一直在尋找類似于古老性染色體的年輕“新似性染色體系統(tǒng)” (neo-sex chromosome system)以研究性染色體的進(jìn)化,。但先前所有的新似性染色體都是在果蠅和植物中發(fā)現(xiàn),科學(xué)家最感興趣的人的Y染色體如何進(jìn)化,,最好能在哺乳動(dòng)物的新似性染色體系統(tǒng)中得到解答,。
該研究結(jié)果最近發(fā)表于國(guó)際知名雜志《基因組生物學(xué)》(Genome Biology)上,審稿人評(píng)價(jià)該工作將對(duì)哺乳動(dòng)物性染色體研究產(chǎn)生“重大而深遠(yuǎn)的影響”,。(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推薦原始出處:
Genome Biology,,doi:10.1186/gb-2008-9-6-r98,Qi Zhou,,Wen Wang
Neo-sex chromosomes in the black muntjac recapitulate incipient evolution of mammalian sex chromosomes
Qi Zhou* 1,2 , Jun Wang* 3,4,5 , Ling Huang* 2,6 , Wenhui Nie6 , Jinhuan Wang6 , Yan Liu2,6 , Xiangyi Zhao1 , Fengtang Yang7 and Wen Wang1
1CAS-Max Planck Junior Research Group, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 32# Jiao-chang Road, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, People's Republic of China
2Graduate School of Chinese Academy Sciences, 19# Yu-quan Road, Beijing 100039, People's Republic of China
3The Institute of Human Genetics, University of Aarhus, Nordre Ringgade 1, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
4Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230, Odense M, Denmark
5Beijing Genomics Institute, Bei-shan Road, Shenzhen 518083, People's Republic of China
6Kunming Cell Bank, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32# Jiao-chang Road, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, People's Republic of China
7Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Ickleton Road, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
Abstract
Background
The regular mammalian X and Y chromosomes diverged from each other at least 166 to 148 million years ago, leaving few traces of their early evolution, including degeneration of the Y chromosome and evolution of dosage compensation.