從曾經(jīng)的猿到今天的人,人類在以什么樣的步伐速率進(jìn)化,?中英科學(xué)家給出了遺傳學(xué)中這個(gè)基本問(wèn)題的答案,。他們?cè)谧钚乱黄凇懂?dāng)代生物學(xué)》雜志上報(bào)告說(shuō),已成功直接測(cè)量出人類基因中核苷酸的突變率,。
這項(xiàng)研究由英國(guó)韋爾科姆基金會(huì)桑格研究所,、中國(guó)人民解放軍總醫(yī)院、深圳華大基因研究院等機(jī)構(gòu)合作完成,。論文第一作者,、桑格研究所的薛雅麗博士對(duì)記者說(shuō):“我們利用最先進(jìn)的脫氧核糖核酸(DNA)測(cè)序技術(shù),對(duì)來(lái)自中國(guó)一個(gè)大家族中兩名男性的Y染色體進(jìn)行了測(cè)量,,結(jié)果顯示我們每個(gè)人身上都有約200個(gè)核苷酸突變,。”
DNA是人類主要的遺傳物質(zhì),它呈雙螺旋形的鏈條結(jié)構(gòu),,核苷酸就是DNA鏈上的一個(gè)個(gè)“鏈環(huán)”,,具有特定生物學(xué)功能的一段核苷酸就是常說(shuō)的基因。每個(gè)人出生的時(shí)候,,DNA鏈條上都會(huì)因?yàn)楦鞣N原因產(chǎn)生新的突變,,不過(guò)大部分突變對(duì)人無(wú)害。這些突變所帶來(lái)的遺傳變異推動(dòng)了從猿到人的進(jìn)化過(guò)程,。
為測(cè)量這個(gè)突變速率,,研究人員把目光投向了男性特有的Y染色體,因?yàn)槠渲写蟛糠諨NA片段都只是父子相傳,,不會(huì)融合母系基因,,變化完全歸于核苷酸突變。在中國(guó)江西省的一個(gè)偏僻小村莊中,,研究人員找到了一個(gè)非常大的家族,,其中兩名男性在13代以前是同一個(gè)祖先,他們提供了良好的研究樣本,。
然而,,這在幾年前還是一個(gè)不可能的任務(wù)。由于每個(gè)人身上都有幾十億個(gè)核苷酸,,要通過(guò)一一對(duì)比來(lái)找出可能存在的幾百個(gè)突變,,“正應(yīng)了那句老話‘大海撈針’”,薛雅麗介紹說(shuō),。
但今天,,桑格研究所采用了新一代DNA測(cè)序技術(shù),其一周產(chǎn)生的數(shù)據(jù)量相當(dāng)于過(guò)去傳統(tǒng)技術(shù)幾年才能完成的工作量,。領(lǐng)導(dǎo)這項(xiàng)研究的桑格研究所克里斯·泰勒史密斯博士說(shuō):“這是相關(guān)技術(shù)首次用于測(cè)量基因突變率,,如果沒(méi)有技術(shù)進(jìn)步,這一工作是不可想象的,。”
研究人員利用新技術(shù)對(duì)上述兩名男性的1000多萬(wàn)個(gè)核苷酸進(jìn)行了對(duì)比,,發(fā)現(xiàn)了12處不同,但其中8處是在體外細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)時(shí)產(chǎn)生的,。因此,,經(jīng)過(guò)13代人的累積,在這1000多萬(wàn)個(gè)核苷酸中僅有4個(gè)真正的突變,。由此可以推算出,,每代每3000萬(wàn)個(gè)核苷酸中會(huì)產(chǎn)生1個(gè)突變,即每個(gè)人身上有約200個(gè)新產(chǎn)生的核苷酸突變,。
薛雅麗說(shuō):“以前科學(xué)家只能靠各種間接手段來(lái)推測(cè)人類基因突變率,,而它是人類遺傳學(xué)和醫(yī)學(xué)遺傳學(xué)領(lǐng)域非常重要的一個(gè)基本參數(shù),就跟判斷一列火車的行駛狀況需要知道它的速率一樣,。這次直接測(cè)量成功,,使得我們確切認(rèn)識(shí)到人類自身在以什么樣的步伐向前進(jìn)化,。”(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推薦原始出處:
Current Biology, 27 August 2009 doi:10.1016/j.cub.2009.07.032
Human Y Chromosome Base-Substitution Mutation Rate Measured by Direct Sequencing in a Deep-Rooting Pedigree
Yali Xue1,,,Qiuju Wang2,Quan Long1,Bee Ling Ng1,Harold Swerdlow1,John Burton1,Carl Skuce1,Ruth Taylor1,Zahra Abdellah1,Yali Zhao2,Asan1,Daniel G. MacArthur1,Michael A. Quail1,Nigel P. Carter1,Huanming Yang3andChris Tyler-Smith1,,
1 The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambs CB10 1SA, UK
2 Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and Institute of Otolaryngology, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing 100853, China
3 Beijing Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518000, China
Understanding the key process of human mutation is important for many aspects of medical genetics and human evolution. In the past, estimates of mutation rates have generally been inferred from phenotypic observations or comparisons of homologous sequences among closely related species [1,2,3]. Here, we apply new sequencing technology to measure directly one mutation rate, that of base substitutions on the human Y chromosome. The Y chromosomes of two individuals separated by 13 generations were flow sorted and sequenced by Illumina (Solexa) paired-end sequencing to an average depth of 11 or 20, respectively [4]. Candidate mutations were further examined by capillary sequencing in cell-line and blood DNA from the donors and additional family members. Twelve mutations were confirmed in 10.15 Mb; eight of these had occurred invitro and four invivo. The latter could be placed in different positions on the pedigree and led to a mutation-rate measurement of 3.0×10-8 mutations/nucleotide/generation (95% CI: 8.9×10-9-7.0×10-8), consistent with estimates of 2.3 ×10-8 -6.3×10-8mutations/nucleotide/generation for the same Y-chromosomal region from published human-chimpanzee comparisons [5] depending on the generation and split times assumed.