據(jù)美國(guó)物理學(xué)家組織網(wǎng)7月21日?qǐng)?bào)道,,美國(guó)萊斯大學(xué)科學(xué)家最近發(fā)現(xiàn),一種普通的歐洲家鼠在基因變異后能抵抗殺鼠靈(warfarin),。研究人員表示,,在利用雜交進(jìn)化出新性狀方面,動(dòng)物可能也像微生物,、植物一樣變化多端,。論文近日發(fā)表在《當(dāng)代生物學(xué)》(Current Biology)雜志網(wǎng)站上。
這種基因是vkorc1,,與維生素K有關(guān),,廣泛存在于所有哺乳動(dòng)物中。殺鼠靈是一種抗凝血?jiǎng)?,人類可用它?lái)稀釋血液,,但對(duì)嚙齒類動(dòng)物來(lái)說(shuō)卻是毒藥。vkorc1突變讓老鼠具有了抵抗殺鼠靈的能力,。
萊斯大學(xué)生態(tài)與進(jìn)化生物學(xué)副教授邁克爾·柯恩解釋說(shuō),,老鼠進(jìn)化出抗藥性可以通過(guò)兩種不同的途徑:一種是基因點(diǎn)突變,在DNA復(fù)制過(guò)程中基因自發(fā)變異而被改寫(xiě),;另一種是水平基因轉(zhuǎn)移,,這種方式常見(jiàn)于微生物,,在哺乳動(dòng)物中很少見(jiàn)。我們研究了基因變異的全部細(xì)節(jié),,發(fā)現(xiàn)這種抗藥性好像是直接從阿爾及利亞鼠傳給了歐洲鼠,。
阿爾及利亞鼠是一種居住在沙漠以植物種子為食的老鼠,它們進(jìn)化出這種突變可能是為了對(duì)抗飲食中的維生素K缺乏,。第一只抗藥性家鼠是在德國(guó)一家面包房地下室發(fā)現(xiàn)的,,滅鼠專家稱用溴敵鼠(毒性更強(qiáng)的殺鼠靈)無(wú)法殺死這些老鼠??露鲗?duì)這些老鼠進(jìn)行了基因測(cè)序,,發(fā)現(xiàn)其中vkorc1發(fā)生了變異。
研究人員推測(cè),,阿爾及利亞鼠將抗藥基因傳給了西班牙或南非沙漠家鼠,,這兩個(gè)地方有物種重疊。由于上世紀(jì)50年代突然使用殺鼠靈,,引發(fā)了這種雜交以適應(yīng)環(huán)境,。
“現(xiàn)在的根本問(wèn)題是,這種變異是否很難發(fā)生,,只是偶爾發(fā)生了一次,?還是在許多地方已經(jīng)發(fā)生了許多次?”柯恩說(shuō),,在我們這項(xiàng)研究中,人為因素非常明顯,。當(dāng)人們希望根除某個(gè)有害物種時(shí),,結(jié)果會(huì)像我們過(guò)去清除微生物、害蟲(chóng),、雜草那樣,,反而讓它們變得更強(qiáng)大。而在保護(hù)生物多樣性時(shí),,忽視有害物種的全球傳播才最令人擔(dān)憂,。(生物谷 Bioon.com)
doi:10.1016/j.cub.2011.06.043
PMC:
PMID:
Adaptive Introgression of Anticoagulant Rodent Poison Resistance by Hybridization between Old World Mice
Ying Song, Stefan Endepols, Nicole Klemann, Dania Richter, Franz-Rainer Matuschka, Ching-Hua Shih, Michael W. Nachman, Michael H. Kohn
Polymorphisms in the vitamin K 2,3-epoxide reductase subcomponent 1 (vkorc1) of house mice (Mus musculus domesticus) can cause resistance to anticoagulant rodenticides such as warfarin [1,2,3]. Here we show that resistant house mice can also originate from selection on vkorc1 polymorphisms acquired from the Algerian mouse (M. spretus) through introgressive hybridization. We report on a polymorphic introgressed genomic region in European M. m. domesticus that stems from M. spretus, spans >10 Mb on chromosome 7, and includes the molecular target of anticoagulants vkorc1 [1,2,3,4]. We show that in the laboratory, the homozygous complete vkorc1 allele of M. spretus confers resistance when introgressed into M. m. domesticus. Consistent with selection on the introgressed allele after the introduction of rodenticides in the 1950s, we found signatures of selection in patterns of variation in M. m. domesticus. Furthermore, we detected adaptive protein evolution of vkorc1 in M. spretus (Ka/Ks = 1.54–1.93) resulting in radical amino acid substitutions that apparently cause anticoagulant tolerance in M. spretus as a pleiotropic effect. Thus, positive selection produced an adaptive, divergent, and pleiotropic vkorc1 allele in the donor species, M. spretus, which crossed a species barrier and produced an adaptive polymorphic trait in the recipient species, M. m. domesticus.