高脂肪食物被認(rèn)為對(duì)我們有普遍的吸引力,,但人們喜歡和消耗脂肪的程度因個(gè)人而異,。3月,Journal of Food Science雜志上發(fā)表的一項(xiàng)研究證實(shí),,兩個(gè)特定基因(TAS2R38-1——苦味覺受體和CD36——脂肪物質(zhì)的受體),,可能在人們品嘗和享受食物中脂肪的能力中發(fā)揮作用。通過了解這兩個(gè)基因的作用,,食品科學(xué)家可能幫助人們解決無法控制他們攝入多少脂肪的困擾,。
大多數(shù)食品科學(xué)家承認(rèn)脂肪的品質(zhì)對(duì)影響脂肪在口腔中的口感有很大作用。例如,,冰淇淋是典型的“豐厚,、圓滑”的。對(duì)于某些脂肪而言,,科學(xué)家已經(jīng)確定可以通過氣味檢測(cè)其存在,。食品科學(xué)家最近才探索發(fā)現(xiàn)大多數(shù)脂肪也有一種味道。目前,,研究人員正在研究基因(CD360)是如何能發(fā)覺口中脂肪(脂肪酸)味道的存在,。
在最近的Journal of Food Science雜志上,研究人員關(guān)注于一個(gè)有族群限制的遺傳變異,,這個(gè)變異可能會(huì)減少人們對(duì)脂肪物質(zhì)的感興趣程度,。他們確檢測(cè)了300多名非洲裔美國(guó)成年人脂肪的喜好程度和體內(nèi)CD36的狀態(tài)。紐約肥胖研究中心的研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)21%的非裔美國(guó)人存在基因變異,,該基因變異與脂肪和油(如沙拉醬,、食用油等)的喜愛程度高有關(guān)。他們還發(fā)現(xiàn),,這種基因變異的研究參與者也更喜愛意大利沙拉醬,。
調(diào)查研究發(fā)現(xiàn)其他基因——TAS2R38是帶苦味的化合物的作用受體。約70%的美國(guó)成年人和兒童是這些化合物的嘗味道者,,而其余30%不能品嘗帶苦味的化合物,。結(jié)果表明不能品嘗這些化合物的人往往不善于區(qū)分食品中的脂肪物質(zhì),,因此,這些無法檢測(cè)脂肪的存在,,進(jìn)而可能會(huì)消耗更高脂肪的食物以彌補(bǔ)這一缺陷,。上述現(xiàn)象的原因是由于不能品嘗到脂肪存在的人比能品嘗到脂肪物質(zhì)的人有較少的味蕾。雖然研究人員承認(rèn)肥胖的原因是多方面的,,但他們將繼續(xù)研究這些基因在體重控制中的作用,。
食品行業(yè)內(nèi)的基因測(cè)試可能不會(huì)太遙遠(yuǎn)。一旦這些研究得到更充分的發(fā)展,,那么當(dāng)一新食品種類產(chǎn)生時(shí),,測(cè)試新產(chǎn)品中的基因分型是很有可能的。此外,,食品行業(yè)將能夠創(chuàng)造出針對(duì)特定人群的不同種類的食物,。(生物谷:Bioon)
doi:10.1111/j.1750-3841.2011.02585.x
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Genetic Influences on Oral Fat Perception and Preference
Kathleen L. Keller
Research suggests that dietary fat is perceived not only by texture, but also by taste. However, the receptors for chemosensory response to fat have not been identified. We report on 2 genes,TAS2R38 and CD36, that may play a role in fat perception and preference in humans. TAS2R38 is a taste receptor for bitter thiourea compounds, including 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP) and phenylthiocarbamide (PTC). Nontasters of these compounds tend to be poor at discriminating fat in foods, even though they prefer higher fat versions of these foods. CD36, a fatty acid translocase expressed on multiple cell types including taste cells, plays a critical role in fat preferences in animals. In studies conducted in our laboratory with African-American adults, we identified a variant in the CD36 gene, rs1761667, that predicts oral responses to fat. Individuals who have the A/A genotype at this site tend to find Italian salad dressings creamier than those who have other genotypes at this site. In addition, A/A individuals report higher preferences for added fats, oils, and spreads (for example margarine). Assuming these data are confirmed in other populations, screening for CD36 genotype may provide helpful information to food companies for developing fat-modified products.