生物谷報(bào)道:提到史上生物大滅絕事件的成因,人們馬上想到的就是小行星撞擊或超級(jí)火山噴發(fā),。美國(guó)科學(xué)家最新研究卻認(rèn)為,海洋的大規(guī)模漲落才是過(guò)去5億年間周期性生物大滅絕的主因,。相關(guān)論文6月15日在線發(fā)表于《自然》(Nature)雜志上,。
自35億年前生命在地球上出現(xiàn)以來(lái),科學(xué)家認(rèn)為可能曾經(jīng)發(fā)生過(guò)多達(dá)23次的大滅絕事件,。在過(guò)去的5.4億年間,,有充分證據(jù)的大滅絕事件有5次,涉及的主要是海生植物和動(dòng)物,,有多達(dá)75%至95%的物種滅絕,。
在最新的研究中,美國(guó)威斯康星大學(xué)麥迪遜分校的Shanan Peters測(cè)量了保存在巖石記錄中的兩種主要大陸架環(huán)境類(lèi)型,。其中一種的沉積物由對(duì)海岸的腐蝕而成,,另一種主要由碳酸鈣組成,是有殼類(lèi)生物通過(guò)化學(xué)過(guò)程形成的,。Peters解釋說(shuō):“這兩種海洋環(huán)境的物理差異具有重要的生物學(xué)后果,。”
在過(guò)去的數(shù)百萬(wàn)年間,世界上的海洋隨著地殼板塊的移動(dòng)和氣候的變化而不斷擴(kuò)張和收縮,。歷史上一些時(shí)期里,,地球的遼闊區(qū)域都被淺海所覆蓋,導(dǎo)致新物種的產(chǎn)生,,比如恐龍時(shí)代的洪水滋生了鯊魚(yú)和滄龍(mosasaur),。當(dāng)這些淺海干涸后,滄龍等滅絕,,大陸架的生物多樣性環(huán)境也發(fā)生了改變,。
Peters表示,這一研究并沒(méi)有排除其它影響大滅絕的因素,,比如小行星撞擊,、火山噴發(fā)以及疾病、種間競(jìng)爭(zhēng)等生物因素,,它的意義在于為地球長(zhǎng)期史上的大滅絕事件提供了普遍聯(lián)系,。
美國(guó)辛辛那提大學(xué)的古生物學(xué)家Arnold I. Miller認(rèn)為,這一研究是驚人的,因?yàn)樗诖鬁缃^事件的發(fā)展速度和海平面及沉積物的變化之間建立了一種清楚的聯(lián)系,。他說(shuō):“這一聯(lián)系使得之前輕視‘海洋生物大滅絕可能與海平面下降有關(guān)’的人要重新考慮他們的觀點(diǎn),。”(生物谷www.bioon.com)
生物谷推薦原始出處:
Nature,doi:10.1038/nature07032,,Shanan E. Peters
Environmental determinants of extinction selectivity in the fossil record
Shanan E. Peters1
Department of Geology & Geophysics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
Correspondence to: Shanan E. Peters1 Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to S.E.P. (Email: [email protected]).
The causes of mass extinctions and the nature of biological selectivity during extinction events remain central questions in palaeobiology. Although many different environmental perturbations have been invoked as extinction mechanisms1, 2, 3, it has long been recognized that fluctuations in sea level coincide with many episodes of biotic turnover4, 5, 6. Recent work supports the hypothesis that changes in the areas of epicontinental seas have influenced the macroevolution of marine animals7, 8, but the extent to which differential environmental turnover has contributed to extinction selectivity remains unknown. Here I use a new compilation of the temporal durations of sedimentary rock packages to show that carbonate and terrigenous clastic marine shelf environments have different spatio-temporal dynamics and that these dynamics predict patterns of genus-level extinction, extinction selectivity and diversity among Sepkoski's Palaeozoic and modern evolutionary faunae9. These results do not preclude a role for biological interactions or unusual physical events as drivers of macroevolution, but they do suggest that the turnover of marine shelf habitats and correlated environmental changes have been consistent determinants of extinction, extinction selectivity and the shifting composition of the marine biota during the Phanerozoic eon.