生物谷報(bào)道:人類常以擁抱和親吻等舉動(dòng)安慰遭遇挫折的同伴,幫助他們渡過難關(guān),。而人類近親黑猩猩也能用相同方式互相安慰,,幫助對(duì)方緩解壓力。英國科學(xué)家研究發(fā)現(xiàn),,來自第三方的安慰能使在爭斗中受挫的黑猩猩振作起來,。相關(guān)論文刊登在17日出版的美國《國家科學(xué)院院刊》(PNAS)上。
擁抱親吻
英國利物浦約翰·穆爾斯大學(xué)一個(gè)研究小組在2005年1月至2006年9月間對(duì)英國切斯特動(dòng)物園黑猩猩進(jìn)行觀察,發(fā)現(xiàn)“黑猩猩會(huì)做出友好動(dòng)作,,安慰在爭斗中受挫的同伴”,。
研究小組負(fù)責(zé)人,約翰·穆爾斯大學(xué)人類進(jìn)化與古生態(tài)學(xué)研究中心專家奧萊斯·N·弗雷澤說:“黑猩猩通常用擁抱和親吻方式安慰對(duì)方,。安慰的一方用單臂或雙臂抱住被安慰的一方,,或者張大嘴貼近被安慰一方的身體,通常是頭頂或后背,。”
美聯(lián)社6月17日援引弗雷澤的話報(bào)道,,這種安慰舉動(dòng)通常出現(xiàn)在黑猩猩發(fā)生爭斗后,而且安慰的一方和被安慰的一方往往關(guān)系親密,。
獲得安慰
文章稱,,得到擁抱或親吻的黑猩猩會(huì)抓耳撓腮或開始梳理毛發(fā)。這些動(dòng)作表明,,被安慰的一方壓力得到緩解,,安慰行為起到積極效果。美國埃默里大學(xué)耶基斯靈長類動(dòng)物研究中心教授弗蘭斯·德瓦爾指出,,這項(xiàng)研究證實(shí),,實(shí)施安慰與壓力減小之間存在關(guān)聯(lián)。
過去一些研究人員認(rèn)為,,動(dòng)物界雖然存在相互安慰現(xiàn)象,,但對(duì)緩解壓力無效。德瓦爾說,,這項(xiàng)研究為推翻這種看法提供了有力證據(jù),,“爭斗發(fā)生后,安慰行為確實(shí)能減輕受挫者的痛苦”,。
物通人性
德瓦爾由以上研究成果推斷,,黑猩猩做出的安慰動(dòng)作能夠傳遞感情,表示同情與理解,。他指出,,這與人類幼年時(shí)期“用行為表意”相似。德瓦爾說,,小孩常用撫摸,、擁抱等身體接觸安慰心情糟糕的家庭成員,“這其實(shí)與黑猩猩之間相互安慰的方式類似”,。
越來越多的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),,黑猩猩在某些方面與人類有相似之處。例如,,野生雄性黑猩猩會(huì)向中意的求偶對(duì)象贈(zèng)送禮物,,以吸引雌性注意,。此外,德國一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),,黑猩猩不僅會(huì)無私幫助同伴,,還會(huì)在人類需要幫助時(shí)慷慨伸出援手。
除黑猩猩外,,還有一些動(dòng)物能夠相互安慰,,比如一些智商較高的狗和鳥類。但是目前沒有證據(jù)表明,,這些動(dòng)物間的安慰能產(chǎn)生積極效果,。有趣的是,黑猩猩用擁抱和親吻表示對(duì)同伴的同情理解,,猴子卻沒有這種能力。(生物谷www.bioon.com)
生物谷推薦原始出處:
PNAS,,10.1073/pnas.0804141105,,Orlaith N. Fraser, Filippo Aureli
Stress reduction through consolation in chimpanzees
Orlaith N. Fraser*,, Daniel Stahl, and Filippo Aureli*,
*Research Centre in Evolutionary Anthropology and Palaeoecology, School of Biological and Earth Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, James Parsons Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, United Kingdom; and Department of Biostatistics and Computing, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, United Kingdom
Communicated by Frans B. M. de Waal, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, May 1, 2008 (received for review November 10, 2007)
Abstract
Consolation, i.e., postconflict affiliative interaction directed from a third party to the recipient of aggression, is assumed to have a stress-alleviating function. This function, however, has never been demonstrated. This study shows that consolation in chimpanzees reduces behavioral measures of stress in recipients of aggression. Furthermore, consolation was more likely to occur in the absence of reconciliation, i.e., postconflict affiliative interaction between former opponents. Consolation therefore may act as an alternative to reconciliation when the latter does not occur. In the debate about empathy in great apes, evidence for the stress-alleviating function of consolation in chimpanzees provides support for the argument that consolation could be critical behavior. Consistent with the argument that relationship quality affects their empathic responses, we found that consolation was more likely between individuals with more valuable relationships. Chimpanzees may thus respond to distressed valuable partners by consoling them, thereby reducing their stress levels, especially in the absence of reconciliation.