“小心!”是人常說(shuō)的一句話,,長(zhǎng)期以來(lái),,研究人員一直爭(zhēng)論,非人類的靈長(zhǎng)類動(dòng)物是否也會(huì)使用類似的信號(hào)提醒同類,。一項(xiàng)新的研究表明,,它們真的這樣做了——即便在自身沒(méi)有受到威脅的情況下,非洲藍(lán)猴(Cercopithecus mitis stuhlmanni)也會(huì)警告鄰居附近有敵人出沒(méi),。然而,,懷疑論者依然堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為,這些動(dòng)物的行為是因?yàn)榭謶炙?,而非出自?duì)同伴的關(guān)心,。
藍(lán)猴會(huì)發(fā)出兩種與食肉動(dòng)物有關(guān)的叫聲:“hack”是一種低沉的嗚咽聲,在警告鷹的來(lái)臨,;而“pyow”的叫聲則多少與激光槍的聲音類似,,意思是說(shuō)小心地面上的危險(xiǎn),例如豹,。當(dāng)一只藍(lán)猴發(fā)出特定的叫聲后,,它的鄰居便會(huì)留心觀察周圍的獵食動(dòng)物。盡管聆聽(tīng)者清楚地了解這些警告的含義,,但許多科學(xué)家還是相信,,“hack”和“pyow”只是一種基本的情感響應(yīng)——與其說(shuō)這是“嘿,哥們兒,,看著點(diǎn)兒”,,還不如說(shuō)只是一種因恐懼而發(fā)出的尖叫。
然而這并不是Klaus Zuberbühler在烏干達(dá)自然保護(hù)區(qū)所觀察到的景象,。這位來(lái)自英國(guó)法夫市圣安德魯斯大學(xué)的心理學(xué)家和同事,,在一個(gè)藍(lán)猴種群——通常由1只公猴和10到40只母猴和小猴組成——附近用喇叭播放“hack”和“pyow”的叫聲錄音,。這些錄音促使公猴首領(lǐng)也跟著發(fā)出了類似的叫聲,它甚至重復(fù)了這些警報(bào)達(dá)23次之多,。然而,,如果1只母猴或小猴距離喇叭——或者說(shuō)“食肉動(dòng)物”——很近的話,這只公猴平均會(huì)發(fā)出42次叫聲,。公猴只有在母猴和小猴暴露在危險(xiǎn)之中時(shí)才會(huì)發(fā)出這一“紅色警報(bào)”,,而無(wú)論其自身與危險(xiǎn)遠(yuǎn)近與否。
Zuberbühler表示:“這一結(jié)果對(duì)當(dāng)前許多主流的論述提出了挑戰(zhàn),,在這些學(xué)說(shuō)中,,非人類的靈長(zhǎng)類動(dòng)物被描繪得非常以自我為中心。”研究小組在最近出版的《生物學(xué)快報(bào)》上報(bào)告了這一研究成果,。Zuberbühler說(shuō),當(dāng)然,,“這些猴子的腦袋中到底在想什么”絕對(duì)是一個(gè)很難的問(wèn)題,,但是公猴似乎為了警告其他同伴而不顧自己所面臨的危險(xiǎn)。
然而,,這場(chǎng)關(guān)于靈長(zhǎng)類動(dòng)物的爭(zhēng)論遠(yuǎn)沒(méi)有結(jié)束,。美國(guó)布盧明頓市印第安那大學(xué)的心理學(xué)家Michael Owren專門從事靈長(zhǎng)類動(dòng)物信息交流的研究,他并不贊同這項(xiàng)新的發(fā)現(xiàn)證明了猴子能夠有目的地提醒其他同類,。Owren說(shuō),,事實(shí)上,母猴接近“食肉動(dòng)物”或許只是讓公猴特別緊張,。
但是曾撰寫靈長(zhǎng)類動(dòng)物語(yǔ)言相關(guān)文章的英國(guó)利茲大學(xué)的科學(xué)歷史學(xué)家Gregory Radick則認(rèn)為新的研究結(jié)論有值得思考的地方,。他強(qiáng)調(diào),盡管猴子的行為可能被恐懼所驅(qū)使,,但它們依然會(huì)根據(jù)同伴所面臨的威脅來(lái)調(diào)整自己的叫聲,。他說(shuō),最終結(jié)論的出臺(tái)可能還需要一定的時(shí)間,。Radick表示:“這種試驗(yàn)很難被解釋……它會(huì)為持其他觀點(diǎn)的科學(xué)家懷疑試驗(yàn)的意義留出空間,。”(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推薦原始出處:
Biology Letters,10.1098/rsbl.2008.0299,,Sarah Papworth, Klaus Zuberbühler
Male blue monkeys alarm call in response to danger experienced by others
Sarah Papworth1, 2, Anne-Sophie Böse2, Jessica Barker2, 3, Anne Marijke Schel1, 2, Klaus Zuberbühler1, 2
1 School of Psychology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9JP, UK
2 Budongo Conservation Field Station, PO Box 362, Masindi, Uganda
3Department of Neurobiology and Behaviour, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
摘要
Male blue monkeys (Cercopithecus mitis stuhlmanni) of Budongo Forest, Uganda, produce two acoustically distinct alarm calls: hacks to crowned eagles (Stephanoaetus coronatus) and pyows to leopards (Panthera pardus) and a range of other disturbances. In playback experiments, males responded to leopard growls exclusively with a series of pyows and to eagle shrieks predominantly with hacks. Responses to playbacks of these alarm call series matched the responses to the corresponding predators, suggesting that the calls conveyed something about the nature of the threat. When responding to a series of hacks, indicating an eagle, males responded predominately with hacks, but produced significantly more calls if their group members were close to the playback stimulus than far away, regardless of their own position. When responding to a series of pyows, indicating a range of disturbances, males responded with pyows, but call rates were independent of the distance of other group members. The results suggest that males took into account the degree of danger experienced by other group members.