據(jù)美國每日科學(xué)網(wǎng)報(bào)道,,自從達(dá)爾文的進(jìn)化論問世以來,進(jìn)化生物學(xué)家一直感到奇怪:為何一些動(dòng)物世系比其它的動(dòng)物世系變化多,?經(jīng)典的解釋是變化速率更快反映生態(tài)機(jī)會(huì)增加,,導(dǎo)致動(dòng)物快速適應(yīng)進(jìn)化分枝。
達(dá)爾文進(jìn)化論教科書上的一個(gè)例子是說加拉帕戈斯群島上的雀類,自從其祖先占領(lǐng)這片自由競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的群島時(shí),,它們快速繁衍成了13個(gè)品種,,每一個(gè)品種的鳥都適應(yīng)用不同的方式來利用食物資源。此事例和其它事例讓一些進(jìn)化學(xué)家認(rèn)為重大進(jìn)化分枝的祖先們都是碰巧在一個(gè)合適的地方在一個(gè)合適的時(shí)間利用了生態(tài)時(shí)機(jī),。然而,,有科學(xué)家認(rèn)為生物多樣性可能不僅依靠祖先物種本身發(fā)現(xiàn)的環(huán)境特性,還可能依靠物種本身的特性,。如今一項(xiàng)新研究支持這一可能性,,表明腦袋大的一些鳥類進(jìn)化更快,能推動(dòng)進(jìn)化多樣性的出現(xiàn),。
20多年前,,進(jìn)化生物學(xué)家提出腦袋大的動(dòng)物通過使用新的資源與環(huán)境所需的行為變化來推動(dòng)進(jìn)化多樣性的出現(xiàn),此理論就是所謂的行為推動(dòng)進(jìn)化的假設(shè),。當(dāng)這些科學(xué)家闡明他們的假設(shè)時(shí),,僅僅提供腦袋大小限制動(dòng)物認(rèn)知能力的依據(jù)是不夠的。然而,,從此之后,,堅(jiān)固的體征證據(jù)已經(jīng)證實(shí)腦袋大的動(dòng)物與它們的體型大小有關(guān),而且通過學(xué)習(xí)和創(chuàng)新來促進(jìn)其技能的發(fā)展,,進(jìn)一步導(dǎo)致其行為的改變,,推動(dòng)它們向新的環(huán)境入侵并學(xué)會(huì)使用新的資源。盡管有了新的依據(jù),,但大腦在適應(yīng)多樣性環(huán)境中的作用還存在爭(zhēng)議,,大部分原因歸咎于很難有事例來證實(shí)腦袋大的動(dòng)物進(jìn)化快。
如今,,巴塞羅納CREAF自治大學(xué)的生態(tài)學(xué)家丹尼爾·索爾和美國芝加哥大學(xué)的進(jìn)化生物學(xué)家特蕾弗·普里西提供了這一重要證據(jù),,在《美國博物學(xué)家》(The American Naturalist)雜志上最新發(fā)表的一篇論文中表明大腦在鳥類的進(jìn)化中起了一定的作用。他們分析了7209種鳥類的身體大小,,此數(shù)字占全部鳥類的75%,,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)鳥類世系經(jīng)歷了體型大小的最大變化,且腦袋大小的變化勝過其身體大小的變化,。
這些鳥類包括啄木鳥,、犀鳥、鸚鵡,、貓頭鷹,、琴鳥和烏鴉。大腦能推動(dòng)形態(tài)學(xué)上的變化,,因?yàn)樗艽龠M(jìn)動(dòng)物分布區(qū)的擴(kuò)大和新物種的形成,。此分析結(jié)果還表明大腦多樣性變化具有獨(dú)立于地理分布范圍和物種豐富程度之外的統(tǒng)計(jì)意義,。丹尼爾·索爾解釋說腦袋大通過推動(dòng)行為的變化來加快進(jìn)化變化的速度,使動(dòng)物種群處于新的種群選擇壓力之下,,從而促使它們適應(yīng)新的進(jìn)化分枝,。因此,認(rèn)知能力強(qiáng)的動(dòng)物在環(huán)境因素的促進(jìn)下能加快其行為變化,,而大腦成為其主要的進(jìn)化推動(dòng)力,。(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推薦原始出處:
The American Naturalist,Vol. 172, pp. 170–177,,Daniel Sol,,Trevor D. Price
Brain Size and the Diversification of Body Size in Birds
Daniel Sol1,* and Trevor D. Price2,†
1. Center for Ecological Research and Applied Forestries, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalonia E-08193, Spain;
2. Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
Large brains are associated with increased cognitive skills, enabling animals to use new environments and resources more successfully. Such behavioral flexibility is theoretically expected to have macroevolutionary consequences. First, populations of big-brained individuals should more easily become established in new locations, increasing opportunities for allopatric speciation and decreasing chances that the species as a whole becomes extinct. Second, the ability to use new resources should place new selection pressures on populations, promoting adaptive diversification, a process termed “behavioral drive.” In this article, we show that the average brain size of a bird family explains a significant fraction ( , , families) of the rate at which body size diversifies within the family. The association is independent of the number of species in the family, geographic range, and correlates of speciosity, providing the first general support for the importance of behavioral drive in evolution.