科學(xué)家最近在《自然》雜志上展示了一種3.75億年前非常特別的魚,,其獨(dú)特的頭部特征為脊椎動(dòng)物在陸地上生活鋪平了道路,。
這種名為Tiktaalik roseae的魚也被稱為“會(huì)走的魚”,,其頭骨是2004年在加拿大北極地區(qū)發(fā)現(xiàn)。它被認(rèn)為是魚演化為兩棲動(dòng)物的重要過渡型動(dòng)物,,兩棲動(dòng)物是最早登上陸地的脊椎動(dòng)物,。
最新發(fā)現(xiàn)顯示了從水中到陸地的過渡比魚鰭進(jìn)化成腿復(fù)雜得多。該研究發(fā)表于《自然》雜志上,??茖W(xué)家稱,Tiktaalik roseae的頭部顯示了較原始魚類的變化,,這些變化有助于適應(yīng)陸地環(huán)境新的進(jìn)食和呼吸情況,。和同時(shí)期的其他魚類一樣,Tiktaalik roseae也有鰓和肺,。
該研究的研究人員,、費(fèi)城自然科學(xué)學(xué)院的詹森·道斯在接受采訪時(shí)說:“并不是說Tiktaalik本身是一種陸地生物,它大部分時(shí)間是在水中度過,。它證明了這些正在發(fā)生的很多變化,,實(shí)際上,我們?cè)?jīng)認(rèn)為與陸地生物有關(guān)的很多特征是為了適應(yīng)在淺水環(huán)境中的生活,,Tiktaalik可能已經(jīng)適應(yīng)淺水生活,。”
Tiktaalik可能棲息于亞熱帶淡水泛過平原后留下的泥灘。它是一種大型的水生食肉動(dòng)物,,長達(dá)9英尺,,與原始魚類的不同之處在于它們像鱷魚一樣有著鋒利的牙齒和扁平的頭。它可能有時(shí)會(huì)離開水面,,爬上陸地,。芝加哥大學(xué)的尼爾·蘇賓說:“無論是水中的魚,還是陸地上的昆蟲,,觀察它的頭骨,,你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn),這些東西它可能都吃,。”
Tiktaalik被看作是包括兩棲動(dòng)物,、爬蟲動(dòng)物、哺乳動(dòng)物,,以致人類在內(nèi)的所有陸地脊椎動(dòng)物的始祖,。科學(xué)家們描述了Tiktaalik的頭部以及腦殼的重要特征,,他們發(fā)現(xiàn),,Tiktaalik的舌頜骨較小。對(duì)魚類來說,,這一骨頭與腦殼,、上腭、鰓結(jié)構(gòu)以及水下進(jìn)食和呼吸期間的動(dòng)作協(xié)調(diào)有關(guān)。隨著陸地動(dòng)物的進(jìn)化,,舌頜骨最后會(huì)演變?yōu)殓嫻?,也就是中耳?nèi)的小骨頭。
Tiktaalik既有同時(shí)期更為原始的魚類的一些特征,,也有最初生活在陸地上的四足兩棲動(dòng)物的一些特征,。它的鰭有向腿演變的明顯的腕關(guān)節(jié)和肘關(guān)節(jié),可能用于在干燥的陸地上行走,。在科學(xué)家宣布發(fā)現(xiàn)Tiktaalik的時(shí)候,,它的頭骨下側(cè)仍“嵌”在巖石中。使用一根針在顯微鏡下一點(diǎn)一點(diǎn)弄掉巖石,,科學(xué)家們這才得以研究Tiktaalik頭骨的內(nèi)部,。(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推薦原始出處:
Nature,455, 925-929 (16 October 2008) | doi:10.1038/nature07189,,Jason P. Downs, Edward B. Daeschler, Farish A. Jenkins & Neil H. Shubin
The cranial endoskeleton of Tiktaalik roseae
Jason P. Downs1, Edward B. Daeschler1, Farish A. Jenkins2 & Neil H. Shubin3,4
1 Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1900 Benjamin Franklin Parkway, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103, USA
2 Harvard University, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Comparative Zoology, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
3 University of Chicago, Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, 1027 E. 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
4 Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois 60605, USA
Abstract
Among the morphological changes that occurred during the 'fish-to-tetrapod' transition was a marked reorganization of the cranial endoskeleton. Details of this transition, including the sequence of character acquisition, have not been evident from the fossil record. Here we describe the braincase, palatoquadrate and branchial skeleton of Tiktaalik roseae, the Late Devonian sarcopterygian fish most closely related to tetrapods. Although retaining a primitive configuration in many respects, the cranial endoskeleton of T. roseae shares derived features with tetrapods such as a large basal articulation and a flat, horizontally oriented entopterygoid. Other features in T. roseae, like the short, straight hyomandibula, show morphology intermediate between the condition observed in more primitive fish and that observed in tetrapods. The combination of characters in T. roseae helps to resolve the relative timing of modifications in the cranial endoskeleton. The sequence of modifications suggests changes in head mobility and intracranial kinesis that have ramifications for the origin of vertebrate terrestriality.