秋天,,吉爾吉斯斯坦的野生杏樹和蘋果樹生出了明亮的紅色,,這或許將幫助它們抵御害蟲,。
圖片提供:Marco Archetti/Harvard University
每到秋季,,綠油油的樹葉都會變成深紅色,,這是為什么呢,?一個世紀(jì)以來,,科學(xué)家一直在苦苦思索這種轉(zhuǎn)換的背后機制是什么。如今,,一項有關(guān)蚜蟲和蘋果樹的新研究支持了這樣一種理論,,即紅色能夠?qū)δ切┮詷淙~為食或在此安家的害蟲提出警告。
長期以來,,這一由已故英國進(jìn)化生物學(xué)家William Hamilton最先提出的理論一直存在巨大的爭論,。這一概念認(rèn)為,樹葉中的紅色素——被化學(xué)家稱為花青素——能夠警告昆蟲:眼前的這棵樹并不適于食用或筑巢,。美國哈佛大學(xué)的進(jìn)化生物學(xué)家Marco Archetti指出:“這是一種警報信號,,就像有毒的蛙類或蝴蝶身上艷麗的顏色一樣。”然而有一些科學(xué)家卻相信,,紅色素能夠幫助樹葉免受太陽光的傷害,。這是因為隨著生理機能上的變化,樹葉對于寒冷秋季中的這種傷害變得尤為敏感,。
由于注意到與果園中的蘋果樹相比,,野生蘋果樹上的紅葉子更為普遍,Archetti因而開始了新的研究,。蘋果樹起源于中亞,,一直到現(xiàn)在,吉爾吉斯斯坦和哈薩克斯坦境內(nèi)的野生蘋果樹依然很常見,。Archetti表示:“如果你在秋季去這些國家,,你會看到一棵棵鮮紅的樹木——但是你在歐洲種植的蘋果樹中絕對看不到這種現(xiàn)象。”Archetti推測,,經(jīng)過馴化的蘋果樹已經(jīng)喪失了它們在秋季的“警告色”,,這是因為數(shù)百年來,,果農(nóng)一直將這些果樹與果實更大,、更好吃的樹木進(jìn)行雜交,卻很少選擇更抗蟲害的果樹進(jìn)行雜交,。
Archetti將野生蘋果樹與果園中的果樹進(jìn)行了比較,,結(jié)果顯示,62.2%的中亞野生蘋果樹的樹葉在秋季會變紅,,而這一數(shù)字在人工種植的英國蘋果樹中僅為2.8%,。為了驗證這一假設(shè),,即紅色的樹葉給昆蟲造成了麻煩,Archetti于2007年秋季分別在紅樹葉蘋果樹和綠樹葉蘋果樹上安置了蚜蟲窩,。在接下來的春季中,,60%在綠樹葉蘋果樹上安家的蚜蟲都活了下來,相比之下,,在紅樹葉蘋果樹上安家的蚜蟲僅有29%幸存,。Archetti在4月15日出版的英國《皇家學(xué)會學(xué)報B》報告了這一研究成果。盡管造成這一差異的背后機制至今尚未搞清,,但Archetti和其他的研究表明,,對于幼小的蚜蟲而言,紅色的樹葉不是含有有毒的化學(xué)物質(zhì),,就是攜帶了更少的養(yǎng)分,。
英國利物浦約翰·摩爾斯大學(xué)的環(huán)境科學(xué)家David Wilkinson稱Archetti的研究“富有想象力”,并預(yù)言它將在這場有關(guān)顏色的爭論中再次引發(fā)人們的興趣,。然而新的研究成果似乎不足以終結(jié)這場爭論,。英國頓提大學(xué)的植物遺傳學(xué)家Andrew Flavell表示:“這項研究很有趣,但是卻需要‘再加點兒鹽’,。”他認(rèn)為,,紅色樹葉的減少可能還有其他的原因。Flavell說,,例如,,葉子的顏色與果實的味道之間便很有可能存在著遺傳聯(lián)系。(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推薦原始出處:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B April 15, 2009, doi: 10.1098/rspb.2009.0355
Evidence from the domestication of apple for the maintenance of autumn colours by coevolution
Marco Archetti*
Department of Zoology, University of Oxford South Parks Road, OX1 3PS Oxford, UK
Abstract
The adaptive value of autumn colours is still a puzzle for evolutionary biology. It has been suggested that autumn colours are a warning signal to insects that use the trees as a host. I show that aphids (Dysaphis plantaginea) avoid apple trees (Malus pumila) with red leaves in autumn and that their fitness in spring is lower on these trees, which suggests that red leaves are an honest signal of the quality of the tree as a host. Autumn colours are common in wild populations but not among cultivated apple varieties, which are no longer under natural selection against insects. I show that autumn colours remain only in the varieties that are very susceptible to the effects of a common insect-borne disease, fire blight, and therefore are more in need of avoiding insects. Moreover, varieties with red leaves have smaller fruits, which shows that they have been under less effective artificial selection. This suggests a possible trade off between fruit size, leaf colour and resistance to parasites. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that autumn colours are a warning signal to insects, but not with other hypotheses.