是所有人都會(huì)做的一件事,而無(wú)論其種族,、文化,、語(yǔ)言,甚至宗教——那就是笑,。新的研究表明,,在距今1000萬(wàn)年到1600萬(wàn)年前,人與類人猿最后的共同祖先也會(huì)笑,,至少在胳肢它們的時(shí)候是這樣,。這是對(duì)年幼的猩猩、黑猩猩和人類兒童的笑聲記錄進(jìn)行分析后得出的結(jié)論,。相關(guān)論文發(fā)表在《當(dāng)代生物學(xué)》(Current Biology)上,。
達(dá)爾文和其他學(xué)者早就注意到,類人猿和其他哺乳動(dòng)物在群居嬉戲中會(huì)發(fā)出笑聲或類似的聲音,。但是沒(méi)有人對(duì)靈長(zhǎng)類動(dòng)物的笑聲進(jìn)行過(guò)系統(tǒng)的比較,,尤其是大型的類人猿。
因此,,英國(guó)樸次茅斯大學(xué)的動(dòng)物學(xué)家Marina Davila Ross和同事,,在動(dòng)物園和保護(hù)區(qū)中記錄了年幼的大猩猩、黑猩猩,、倭黑猩猩,、猩猩和合趾猴等22種類人猿的笑聲,并將這些笑聲與3個(gè)嬰兒的笑聲進(jìn)行了比較和分析,。研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn),,大多數(shù)類人猿幼崽喜歡被胳肢——當(dāng)管理員用嫩枝或手指胳肢它們的手掌、腳掌,、脖子或腋窩時(shí),,這些靈長(zhǎng)類動(dòng)物會(huì)爆發(fā)出笑聲。
研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn),上述類人猿在因?yàn)楸桓熘l(fā)笑時(shí),,會(huì)喘氣急促,,或者呼吸變得沉重緩慢,有時(shí)發(fā)出短暫的咕噥聲,。隨后,,研究人員按這些聲音的長(zhǎng)短、頻率與呼吸方式等11種特點(diǎn)進(jìn)行分析,。Davila Ross指出,,大猩猩和倭黑猩猩發(fā)笑時(shí)會(huì)呼氣超過(guò)10秒,這超過(guò)一個(gè)正常的呼吸周期,,與人類笑時(shí)的表現(xiàn)類似,。
Davila Ross表示,這一發(fā)現(xiàn)挑戰(zhàn)了發(fā)出有聲的笑是“人類獨(dú)有特征”的傳統(tǒng)觀點(diǎn),。她說(shuō),,就像美國(guó)巴爾的摩縣馬里蘭大學(xué)的神經(jīng)科學(xué)家Robert Provine提出的那樣,研究人員同時(shí)也反對(duì)像人類一樣發(fā)笑需要兩足站立的觀點(diǎn),。
研究結(jié)果顯示,上述類人猿的笑聲各有不同又有相似,,其笑聲的相似與其基因的相似對(duì)應(yīng),。研究人員還認(rèn)為,雖然人類笑聲和類人猿的笑聲差異不小,,但這些笑聲可能都是由靈長(zhǎng)類動(dòng)物的共同遙遠(yuǎn)的祖先進(jìn)化而來(lái)的,。
Provine和Davila Ross都認(rèn)為,由于人類和現(xiàn)有類人猿都會(huì)笑,,因此距今1000萬(wàn)年到1600萬(wàn)年前的靈長(zhǎng)類動(dòng)物祖先可能也會(huì)笑,。Davila Ross說(shuō),基于新的分析,,這些靈長(zhǎng)類動(dòng)物祖先的笑聲“可能很嘈雜,,并且毫無(wú)形式可言”,并且“類似于現(xiàn)代類人猿的笑聲”,。當(dāng)人類在進(jìn)化上與黑猩猩和倭黑猩猩分道揚(yáng)鑣后,,經(jīng)過(guò)500萬(wàn)年的進(jìn)化,人的笑聲已經(jīng)產(chǎn)生了戲劇性的變化,,并添加了自身的聲音與呼吸特征,。但Davila Ross認(rèn)為,人的笑聲依然可以被看作是靈長(zhǎng)類動(dòng)物祖先所發(fā)出的笑聲的一種“放大”,。Davila Ross同時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào),,還有一件事可能是我們——人類和類人猿——從祖先那里繼承來(lái)的:我們都喜歡被胳肢。
美國(guó)華盛頓州立大學(xué)教授雅克·潘克賽普在評(píng)價(jià)這項(xiàng)研究時(shí)說(shuō),此前還沒(méi)有專家采用這種方式對(duì)比研究人類和類人猿笑聲的淵源,,上述研究結(jié)果“令人興奮”,。(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推薦原始出處:
Current Biology, 04 June 2009 doi:10.1016/j.cub.2009.05.028
Reconstructing the Evolution of Laughter in Great Apes and Humans
Marina Davila Ross1,2,,,Michael J Owren3andElke Zimmermann2
1 Centre for the Study of Emotion, Psychology Department, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DY, UK
2 Institute of Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover 30559, Germany
3 Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302-5010, USA
Human emotional expressions, such as laughter, are argued to have their origins in ancestral nonhuman primate displays [1,2,3,4,5,6]. To test this hypothesis, the current work examined the acoustics of tickle-induced vocalizations from infant and juvenile orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, and bonobos, as well as tickle-induced laughter produced by human infants. Resulting acoustic data were then coded as character states and submitted to quantitative phylogenetic analysis. Acoustic outcomes revealed both important similarities and differences among the five species. Furthermore, phylogenetic trees reconstructed from the acoustic data matched the well-established trees based on comparative genetics. Taken together, the results provide strong evidence that tickling-induced laughter is homologous in great apes andhumans and support the more general postulation of phylogeneticcontinuity from nonhuman displays to human emotional expressions. Findings also show that distinctivelyhuman laughter characteristics such as predominantly regular, stable voicing and consistently egressive airflow are nonetheless traceable to characteristics of shared ancestors with great apes.