生活在肯尼亞Samburu國家保護(hù)區(qū)的象群開始在它們的社會結(jié)構(gòu)中接納非親緣關(guān)系的同類,。
圖片提供:George Wittemyer
在大象的社會里,,沒有什么比家庭更重要,。從跟隨媽媽旅行到包含了姑媽和表弟的大家族,這種生物的復(fù)雜社會結(jié)構(gòu)的所有片段都以由親戚構(gòu)成為特征,。然而當(dāng)這些龐然大物被人類殺得七零八落時,,它們的種群又會發(fā)生哪些變化呢?新的研究表明,,沒有血緣關(guān)系的大象有時也會聚在一起,,從而保證它們的社會種群能夠繁衍下去。
這一發(fā)現(xiàn)源自對生活在肯尼亞Samburu國家保護(hù)區(qū)的400多頭大象的一次調(diào)查,。在上世紀(jì)70年代,,由于象牙偷獵者的捕殺,許多象群損失了近3/4的成員,。直到今天,,這些象群依然很容易受到游牧部落、農(nóng)民以及其他人非法捕殺,。
那么這種破壞到底對生活在Samburu的象群的社會結(jié)構(gòu)造成了哪些影響?為了找到問題的答案,,美國柯林斯堡市科羅拉多州立大學(xué)的保護(hù)生物學(xué)家George Wittemyer和同事對這些生物展開了長達(dá)5年的研究,。通過對新鮮的糞便樣本進(jìn)行脫氧核糖核酸(DNA)測序分析,研究人員確定了大象彼此之間的遺傳關(guān)系,。研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn),,當(dāng)他們著眼于這個社會中最大的兩個象群時——它們被稱為“克蘭”和“邦德”,其中的許多大象都已經(jīng)開始接納那些非親緣關(guān)系的同類了,。
Wittemyer表示,,大象或許樂于接受“外人”進(jìn)入它們的“圈子”,從而確保象群擁有搜集食物和保護(hù)自身所需的臨界規(guī)模,。他說:“這一發(fā)現(xiàn)意味著對大象的非法獵殺能夠腐蝕象群社會結(jié)構(gòu)的遺傳基礎(chǔ),,但卻未必能夠撼動它們的社會組織。”參與該項研究的英國牛津大學(xué)的動物學(xué)家Iain Douglas-Hamilton同時還負(fù)責(zé)肯尼亞拯救大象慈善組織的工作,,他認(rèn)為這項研究“幫助我們認(rèn)識到因偷獵導(dǎo)致的死亡率上升正在使大象的種群遭到破壞,,但它們同時卻能夠適應(yīng)并恢復(fù)其固有的社會結(jié)構(gòu)”。研究人員在7月15日的英國《皇家學(xué)會學(xué)報B》上報告了這一研究成果,。
然而從事大象種群研究的華盛頓大學(xué)保護(hù)生物學(xué)中心的野生動植物學(xué)家Kathleen Gobush表示,,與非親緣關(guān)系的同類融合將付出“一個長期的代價”。Gobush和同事在一項短期研究中于坦桑尼亞Mikumi國家公園發(fā)現(xiàn)了類似的由非親緣關(guān)系構(gòu)成的象群——偷獵者在1989年禁止象牙交易之前將這里3/4的大象捕殺殆盡,。在另一項即將發(fā)表的研究中,,Gobush找到了一些證據(jù),表明這種混合在由親緣和非親緣關(guān)系構(gòu)成的象群中導(dǎo)致了“巨大的行為差異”,。她說,,例如,,與由單一血緣構(gòu)成的象群相比,混合象群在水潭邊往往會表現(xiàn)出更大的侵略性,。
還有一些大象專家則表示,,他們對這一發(fā)現(xiàn)很感興趣,但還需要看看在其他象群中進(jìn)行的類似研究的結(jié)果,。在納米比亞從事大象研究的美國加利福尼亞州帕洛阿爾托市斯坦福大學(xué)的生態(tài)學(xué)家Caitlin O'Connell-Rodwell表示:“很高興能夠從其他遭到破壞的象群中得到這樣的數(shù)據(jù),,從而使我們有機會搞清這種模式是動物固有的,還僅僅是有其他解釋的一個局部現(xiàn)象,。”(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推薦原始出處:
Proc. R. Soc. B July 15, 2009, doi: 10.1098/rspb.2009.0941
Where sociality and relatedness diverge: the genetic basis for hierarchical social organization in African elephants
George Wittemyer1,2,3,4,*, John B. A. Okello2,5, Henrik B. Rasmussen3,4, Peter Arctander6, Silvester Nyakaana2, Iain Douglas-Hamilton3,7 and Hans R. Siegismund4
1Department of Fish, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, 1474 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
2Molecular Biology Laboratory, Makerere University Institute of Environment and Natural Resources, PO Box 7298, Kampala, Uganda
3Save the Elephants, PO Box 54667, Nairobi 00200, Kenya
4Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Copenhagen ?, Denmark
5McMaster Ancient DNA Centre, Department of Anthropology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L9, Canada
6Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaloes Vej, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
7Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
Hierarchical properties characterize elephant fission–fusion social organization whereby stable groups of individuals coalesce into higher order groups or split in a predictable manner. This hierarchical complexity is rare among animals and, as such, an examination of the factors driving its emergence offers unique insight into the evolution of social behaviour. Investigation of the genetic basis for such social affiliation demonstrates that while the majority of core social groups (second-tier affiliates) are significantly related, this is not exclusively the case. As such, direct benefits received through membership of these groups appear to be salient to their formation and maintenance. Further analysis revealed that the majority of groups in the two higher social echelons (third and fourth tiers) are typically not significantly related. The majority of third-tier members are matrilocal, carrying the same mtDNA control region haplotype, while matrilocality among fourth-tier groups was slightly less than expected at random. Comparison of results to those from a less disturbed population suggests that human depredation, leading to social disruption, altered the genetic underpinning of social relations in the study population. These results suggest that inclusive fitness benefits may crystallize elephant hierarchical social structuring along genetic lines when populations are undisturbed. However, indirect benefits are not critical to the formation and maintenance of second-, third- or fourth-tier level bonds, indicating the importance of direct benefits in the emergence of complex, hierarchical social relations among elephants. Future directions and conservation implications are discussed.