研究狗類的系譜圖,,不僅有助于研究人員更好的了解狗類,,還能幫助他們進(jìn)一步了解古代人類,我們可以將狗作為研究人類行為的基因標(biāo)記,。
追蹤歷史:我們的好朋友是從哪里來(lái)的,?研究人員試圖通過(guò)研究DNA獲取答案——在哪里,在什么時(shí)候,,為什么狗狗開始如此受人類歡迎,。
從珍貴的博美犬到患了疥瘡的雜種狗,,所有家犬似乎都是歐亞灰狼的后代。然而目前我們還不清楚,,我們的好朋友是在什么時(shí)候,、在哪里從食肉動(dòng)物轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)槲覀兊幕锇榈摹_@些問(wèn)題的答案或許能夠幫助我們解決長(zhǎng)久以來(lái)一直爭(zhēng)論不休疑問(wèn)——究竟為什么狗是人類最先馴化的動(dòng)物,?
首次破譯狗的基因組是在2005年——甚至比研究人員利用遺傳學(xué)工具追蹤狗類最早的家園還要早,。早期研究在東亞發(fā)現(xiàn)了狗基因的高度多樣性,并在許多鄉(xiāng)村狗群里發(fā)現(xiàn)了其他一些關(guān)鍵性的標(biāo)記,,他們因此指出東亞是狗被人類馴養(yǎng)最早的地方,。
然而,一些研究人員提出,,這一基因調(diào)查的取樣大多都來(lái)自東亞的鄉(xiāng)村狗,,然而忽略了全世界其他村莊中的幼犬??的螤柎髮W(xué)鄉(xiāng)村狗基因多樣性項(xiàng)目就是針對(duì)全球幼犬的。從最近一項(xiàng)針對(duì)非洲鄉(xiāng)村狗進(jìn)行的基因分析著手,,康奈爾研究小組希望能夠最終建立一套系統(tǒng)的,、全面的全球幼犬祖先的基因圖。這一基因圖將有助于研究人員更好地了解馴養(yǎng)這些狗的古代人類,。
本月美國(guó)國(guó)家科學(xué)學(xué)院院刊(PNAS)刊登了這一項(xiàng)目的部分新觀點(diǎn),,刊登的這項(xiàng)研究對(duì)狗的“東亞起源說(shuō)”提出了質(zhì)疑。這個(gè)研究小組由康奈爾卡洛斯·D·布斯塔曼特實(shí)驗(yàn)室的亞當(dāng)·鮑科帶領(lǐng),,他們以來(lái)自非洲鄉(xiāng)村的318只狗(以及來(lái)自北美和歐洲的上百只狗作為對(duì)照)為樣本,,發(fā)現(xiàn)這些幼犬基因的高度多樣性與他們?cè)跂|亞發(fā)現(xiàn)的很相似。“我們發(fā)現(xiàn),,幾乎毫無(wú)例外地這些幼犬源于不同的祖先,,”針對(duì)來(lái)自非洲鄉(xiāng)村犬,鮑科這樣說(shuō)道,。這也就是說(shuō),,他們生活在這里的時(shí)間與其他狗生活在東亞的時(shí)間是一樣長(zhǎng)的。
然而研究人員還沒(méi)有推測(cè)出人類開始馴養(yǎng)狗的具體時(shí)間,。有理論認(rèn)為,,狗大概是在15,000到40,000年前被人類馴養(yǎng)。不過(guò)鮑科解釋說(shuō),,基因測(cè)試還沒(méi)有達(dá)到能確定具體時(shí)間的程度,。
為了獲取更多的線索,研究小組中負(fù)責(zé)實(shí)地考察的成員在今年夏天橫掃全球,,測(cè)試了許多地區(qū)狗的基因,,這些地區(qū)包括越南,、新幾內(nèi)亞、馬拉西亞以及其他一些歐亞地區(qū),。“這些地區(qū)涉及的范圍很廣,,我們需要獲取更多的數(shù)據(jù),”鮑科說(shuō),。他自己也擁有一只雜交狗(經(jīng)過(guò)基因測(cè)試,,這只狗的部分祖先是chow,一種非常古來(lái)的品種),。
當(dāng)然,,吵鬧的鄉(xiāng)村狗通常得不到合理的保護(hù),甚至它們還要遭受“打狗計(jì)劃”(將一部分狗清除)的威脅,。這些狗還要面對(duì)新移民——歐洲后裔狗——的挑戰(zhàn),,新移民可能會(huì)在本地區(qū)基因庫(kù)中增添一筆。“至于在什么程度這些早期本地狗群能保留它們自己的基因,,并在面對(duì)現(xiàn)代一系列威脅的情況下繁衍下去,,我們還不是很清楚。”鮑科和同事在PNAS發(fā)表的論文中這樣說(shuō)道,。所以要挖掘出關(guān)于家狗起源問(wèn)題的確切答案,,時(shí)間是一個(gè)非常關(guān)鍵的因素。
研究狗類的系譜圖,,不僅有助于研究人員更好的了解狗類,,還能幫助他們進(jìn)一步了解古代人類。狗類馴化過(guò)程的基因圖可以為我們提供有關(guān)人類遷徙和交易路線的重要信息,。“我們可以將狗作為研究人類行為的基因標(biāo)記,,”鮑科這樣說(shuō)道。
他補(bǔ)充說(shuō)他和同事們還計(jì)劃“尋找在哪些地區(qū)這一基因組最早被選擇保留下來(lái),,”從這一點(diǎn)中“我們同樣可以了解在那一時(shí)期哪種特性被選擇了下來(lái),。”這些信息,再加上考古學(xué)家的幫助,,或許科學(xué)家就可以弄明白為什么狗類這么特別,,成為人類最早馴養(yǎng)的物種。(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推薦原始出處:
PNAS August 3, 2009, doi: 10.1073/pnas.0902129106
Complex population structure in African village dogs and its implications for inferring dog domestication history
Adam R. Boykoa,1, Ryan H. Boykob, Corin M. Boykob, Heidi G. Parkerc, Marta Castelhanod, Liz Coreyd, Jeremiah D. Degenhardta, Adam Autona, Marius Hedimbie, Robert Kityof, Elaine A. Ostranderc, Jeffrey Schoenebeckc, Rory J. Todhunterd, Paul Jonesg and Carlos D. Bustamantea
aDepartment of Biological Statistics and Computational Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853;
bDepartment of Anthropology and Graduate Group in Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616;
cNational Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892;
dDepartment of Clinical Sciences and the Medical Genetic Archive, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853;
eDepartment of Biological Sciences, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia;
fDepartment of Zoology, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; and
gThe Walthan Centre for Pet Nutrition, Waltham on the Wolds, Leicestershire LE14 4RT, United Kingdom
High genetic diversity of East Asian village dogs has recently been used to argue for an East Asian origin of the domestic dog. However, global village dog genetic diversity and the extent to which semiferal village dogs represent distinct, indigenous populations instead of admixtures of various dog breeds has not been quantified. Understanding these issues is critical to properly reconstructing the timing, number, and locations of dog domestication. To address these questions, we sampled 318 village dogs from 7 regions in Egypt, Uganda, and Namibia, measuring genetic diversity >680 bp of the mitochondrial D-loop, 300 SNPs, and 89 microsatellite markers. We also analyzed breed dogs, including putatively African breeds (Afghan hounds, Basenjis, Pharaoh hounds, Rhodesian ridgebacks, and Salukis), Puerto Rican street dogs, and mixed breed dogs from the United States. Village dogs from most African regions appear genetically distinct from non-native breed and mixed-breed dogs, although some individuals cluster genetically with Puerto Rican dogs or United States breed mixes instead of with neighboring village dogs. Thus, African village dogs are a mosaic of indigenous dogs descended from early migrants to Africa, and non-native, breed-admixed individuals. Among putatively African breeds, Pharaoh hounds, and Rhodesian ridgebacks clustered with non-native rather than indigenous African dogs, suggesting they have predominantly non-African origins. Surprisingly, we find similar mtDNA haplotype diversity in African and East Asian village dogs, potentially calling into question the hypothesis of an East Asian origin for dog domestication.