一項新的研究表明,,居住在珊瑚礁旁邊的清潔魚,它們穿著特殊的“制服”,,顯示自己清潔工身份并保護自己不被食魚型“客戶”吃掉,。
幾種熟為人知的小珊瑚魚如像蝦虎魚和瀨魚,經(jīng)常光顧一些大魚的身體,,并將大魚的身體當成垃圾站,,它們梳洗大魚的身體,并去除大魚身體表面的寄生蟲,。但是食魚型“客戶”如何識別清潔魚的身份,,同時又不吃掉它的問題長期以來一直困擾著科學(xué)家。
澳大利亞昆士蘭大學(xué)的生物學(xué)家克倫·切尼(Karen Cheney)和她的同事提出了以下的假設(shè):清潔魚是靠身體的顏色和形狀來使“客戶”識別自己的身份的,。
研究小組發(fā)現(xiàn),,清潔魚經(jīng)常炫耀自己身上間雜藍色和黃色的暗色邊紋。切尼在一封郵件中說"研究表明,,清潔魚炫耀其間雜綠色和黃色的暗色邊紋的行為是為了使它們更容易在珊瑚礁里被“客戶”發(fā)現(xiàn),。”
切尼和她的同事研究了在澳大利亞大堡礁邊上經(jīng)常光顧清潔魚的幾種野生魚,。大堡礁是世界上最大的活珊瑚礁,分布在澳大利亞東北海岸,由北向南綿延2000公里。同時,,研究小組在大堡礁邊上放置了一些噴涂了各種顏色和具有各種形狀的仿真魚,。小組還使用了一種眾所周知的模型,這種模型可以讓魚看到顏色并做出反應(yīng),。研究小組研究了三種不同的“客戶魚”(梭魚,,小熱帶魚和刺尾魚科魚)對不同的顏色的反應(yīng)。研究結(jié)果顯示,,盡管“客戶魚”有不同形式的視覺系統(tǒng),,但對它們來說,藍色是和珊瑚礁反差最大的顏色,,而黃色是和藍色水面及暗色邊紋有極大反差的顏色,。這就揭示了為什么間雜有綠色和黃色暗色邊紋清潔魚能夠被“客戶魚”輕易發(fā)現(xiàn)的原因。
盡管沒有一個人清楚清潔魚所穿“制服”和清潔魚的清潔工行為之間的確切關(guān)系,,但切尼說:"她的最新研究顯示:清潔魚在穿“制服”之前,,其清潔工身份就存在了。隨著時間的推移,,清潔魚為了吸引更多的“客戶”,,就“穿”上了這種間雜黃藍的“制服”。(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推薦原始出處:
Current Biology, Volume 19, Issue 15, 1283-1287, 09 July 2009 doi:10.1016/j.cub.2009.06.028
Blue and Yellow Signal Cleaning Behavior in Coral Reef Fishes
Karen L. Cheney1,,,Alexandra S. Grutter1,Simon P. Blomberg1andN. Justin Marshall2
1 School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
2 School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
Marine cleaning symbioses are classic examples of mutualism: cleaners remove and consume ectoparasites from client fish, while clients benefit from a reduction in ectoparasites [1,2]. However, how clients recognize cleaners and decide not to eat them is unclear. Color and body pattern are thought to be important in signaling cleaning services to coral reef fish [1,3,4]; in this study, we tested the long-held belief that cleaner fish display a blue guild coloration [5,6,7]. Via color analytical techniques and phylogenetic comparisons, we show that cleaner fish are more likely to display a blue coloration, in addition to a yellow coloration, compared to noncleaner fish. Via theoretical vision models, we show that, from the perspective of potential signal receivers, blue is the most spectrally contrasting color against coral reef backgrounds, whereas yellow is most contrasting against blue water backgrounds or against black lateral stripes. Finally, behavioral experiments confirm that blue within the cleaner fish pattern attracts more client reef fish to cleaning stations. Cleaner fish have evolved some of the most conspicuous combinations of colors and patterns in the marine environment, and this is likely to underpin the success of the cleaner-client relationship on the reef.