德國(guó)研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn),猴子敲擊物體時(shí),,它們大腦中負(fù)責(zé)信息交流的部位開(kāi)始活躍。這意味著靈長(zhǎng)類(lèi)動(dòng)物的語(yǔ)言與非語(yǔ)言信息交流系統(tǒng)具有相同起源,,也為探索人類(lèi)語(yǔ)言與音樂(lè)起源提供了新的線索,。
這一發(fā)現(xiàn)登載于美國(guó)《國(guó)家科學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào)》上。
奇妙現(xiàn)象
在自然界,,獼猴可以通過(guò)晃動(dòng)樹(shù)杈或敲打枯木樁“演奏音樂(lè)”,,大猩猩能通過(guò)拍打胸部或手掌“制造”旋律,而黑猩猩則有敲打樹(shù)墩的“音樂(lè)天賦”,。
德國(guó)蒂賓根市馬克斯·普朗克生物控制論研究所科研人員注意到,,恒河獼猴還能夠使用人造物體敲打出有韻律節(jié)拍。比如,,它們會(huì)猛烈搖動(dòng)或者敲擊,、沖撞籠門(mén),發(fā)出強(qiáng)烈而有節(jié)奏的聲音,,同時(shí)伴隨著恐嚇的叫聲,,擺出兇猛的架勢(shì)并露出可怕的表情。
研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn),,只有占據(jù)統(tǒng)治地位的最強(qiáng)壯恒河獼猴才會(huì)有這些表現(xiàn),。這意味著這些聲響是用來(lái)傳遞權(quán)力和地位等信息——獼猴敲擊節(jié)奏越強(qiáng)烈,表示它越強(qiáng)壯,,在群體中的地位也就越高,。
源于大腦
由于2500萬(wàn)年前獼猴與人類(lèi)有相同祖先,恒河獼猴敲擊現(xiàn)象為研究人類(lèi)大腦哪一部分負(fù)責(zé)音樂(lè)等非語(yǔ)言信息交流提供思路,。
研究人員分別檢測(cè)恒河獼猴聽(tīng)到敲擊聲和同類(lèi)叫聲時(shí)大腦的不同反應(yīng),。他們發(fā)現(xiàn),,無(wú)論聽(tīng)到哪種聲音,獼猴的大腦顳葉部分都被激活,。在人腦中,,這一部分是處理聽(tīng)覺(jué)信息及語(yǔ)言理解的關(guān)鍵部位。
“獼猴對(duì)敲擊聲和同類(lèi)叫聲的反應(yīng)相同,,”研究所神經(jīng)科學(xué)專(zhuān)家克里斯托夫·凱澤告訴“趣味科學(xué)網(wǎng)站”記者,,“因此,敲擊現(xiàn)象是一種信息交流或表達(dá)方式,,它在靈長(zhǎng)類(lèi)動(dòng)物進(jìn)化早期出現(xiàn),。”
音樂(lè)根源
“趣味科學(xué)網(wǎng)站”17日援引研究所研究人員的話說(shuō),猿猴敲擊現(xiàn)象很可能是人類(lèi)音樂(lè)創(chuàng)作的雛形,。
“人類(lèi)不僅依靠語(yǔ)言傳遞信息,,還會(huì)使用各種各樣的聲音,比如用鼓掌表示喝彩,,以敲門(mén)示意‘我要進(jìn)門(mén)’等,,擊鼓聲更是音樂(lè)的重要組成部分。”凱澤說(shuō),。
“這些聲音的相同之處在于,,它們都是通過(guò)肢體重復(fù)運(yùn)動(dòng)創(chuàng)造出由周期性節(jié)拍組成的結(jié)構(gòu)化音效。人類(lèi)通常用擊鼓構(gòu)成的復(fù)雜節(jié)拍與音樂(lè)旋律相結(jié)合,。眾所周知,,這種由擊打形成的節(jié)拍在人類(lèi)文化中十分普遍,,在一些部族文化中也很常見(jiàn),。”
凱澤補(bǔ)充說(shuō),語(yǔ)言與非語(yǔ)言信息交流在猴腦中具有相同起源的事實(shí),,可以有效支持兩者共同進(jìn)化從而促使人類(lèi)具備語(yǔ)言和音樂(lè)能力的觀點(diǎn),。(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推薦原始出處:
PNAS October 1, 2009, doi: 10.1073/pnas.0909756106
Monkey drumming reveals common networks for perceiving vocal and nonvocal communication sounds
Ryan Remediosa, Nikos K. Logothetisa,b,1 and Christoph Kaysera,1
aMax-Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Spemannstrasse 38, 72076 Tübingen, Germany and
bDivision of Imaging Science and Biomedical Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
Salient sounds such as those created by drumming can serve as means of nonvocal acoustic communication in addition to vocal sounds. Despite the ubiquity of drumming across human cultures, its origins and the brain regions specialized in processing such signals remain unexplored. Here, we report that an important animal model for vocal communication, the macaque monkey, also displays drumming behavior, and we exploit this finding to show that vocal and nonvocal communication sounds are represented by overlapping networks in the brain's temporal lobe. Observing social macaque groups, we found that these animals use artificial objects to produce salient periodic sounds, similar to acoustic gestures. Behavioral tests confirmed that these drumming sounds attract the attention of listening monkeys similarly as conspecific vocalizations. Furthermore, in a preferential looking experiment, drumming sounds influenced the way monkeys viewed their conspecifics, suggesting that drumming serves as a multimodal signal of social dominance. Finally, by using high-resolution functional imaging we identified those brain regions preferentially activated by drumming sounds or by vocalizations and found that the representations of both these communication sounds overlap in caudal auditory cortex and the amygdala. The similar behavioral responses to drumming and vocal sounds, and their shared neural representation, suggest a common origin of primate vocal and nonvocal communication systems and support the notion of a gestural origin of speech and music.