自從Robert Trivers關(guān)于“互惠利他行為”（reciprocal altruism）的奠基性論文于1971年發(fā)表以來，有關(guān)互惠及“囚徒困境”資源分享游戲的模型,，一直是解釋不相關(guān)個(gè)體之間合作行為的主導(dǎo)性理論框架。然而,，幾乎沒有證據(jù)證明，在自然條件下,，除人以外的動(dòng)物通常會(huì)交換資源或服務(wù),。
在一篇Review文章中，Tim Clutton-Brock對(duì)在非人動(dòng)物自然種群中的“互惠利他行為”進(jìn)行了分析,。他的結(jié)論是,，這方面的證據(jù)很薄弱，而且非親個(gè)體之間明顯合作的很多例子很可能是互惠互利（mutualism）或操縱（manipulation）,，而非利他,。（生物谷Bioon.com）
生物谷推薦原始出處：
Nature 462, 51-57 (5 November 2009) | doi:10.1038/nature08366
Cooperation between non-kin in animal societies
Explanations of cooperation between non-kin in animal societies often suggest that individuals exchange resources or services and that cooperation is maintained by reciprocity. But do cooperative interactions between unrelated individuals in non-human animals really resemble exchanges or are they a consequence of simpler mechanisms?
