來自加州理工學(xué)院,,霍德華休斯醫(yī)學(xué)院的研究人員首次發(fā)現(xiàn)了費洛蒙調(diào)控攻擊性的確實系統(tǒng),,并解開了一個進化保守性神經(jīng)生物學(xué)機制的謎團,。這一研究成果公布在Nature雜志上。
費洛蒙(Pheromone,,也有翻譯為弗洛蒙,、費洛蒙,佛羅蒙,或者香偶素),,是指一種由動物體分泌出來且具有揮發(fā)性的化學(xué)物質(zhì),,它可使同種動物在不同個體之間,透過嗅覺的作用而傳遞訊息,,產(chǎn)生行為或生理上的變化 (Karlson and Luscher.1959) ,。這種化學(xué)物質(zhì)由外分泌腺 (exocrine gland)所分泌,分子很小,,可隨風(fēng)飄逸再藉空氣流動快速的傳播到各處去,。弗洛蒙它是動物界包括人類、哺乳動物,、昆蟲(蜜蜂,、螞蟻、飛蛾)等同物種之間相互溝通,,并發(fā)出求偶,、警戒、社交,、合作等訊號的訊息分子,。
之前的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)許多動物物種中費洛蒙都能調(diào)控攻擊性(aggression),但是目前還沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)這種攻擊性費洛蒙,,費洛蒙受體和相應(yīng)的感官神經(jīng)細胞系統(tǒng),。
在這篇文章中,研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)了一種雄性易揮發(fā)的信息素:11-cis-vaccenyl acetate(cVA)能促進研黃果蠅(Drosophila melanogaster)中的雄性攻擊性,。這種攻擊性的提升需要嗅覺感應(yīng)神經(jīng)元(olfactory sensory neurons,,OSNs)以及其表達受體Or67d。
Or67d基因的定向突變的一個實驗證實了cVA對雌性和雄性的不同作用,,在兩個性別中cVA都發(fā)揮作用,,但在雄性中它抑制交配行為,,在雌性中它鼓勵交配行為。缺失Or67d的突變雄性錯誤地向其他雄性求偶,,而有同樣突變的的雌性對求偶的雄性卻變得不是很接受,。
這些研究數(shù)據(jù)表明,cVA也許通過調(diào)控攻擊性扮演著負調(diào)控雄性個體密度的角色,,這一遺傳機制的發(fā)現(xiàn)打開了這種進化保守性的神經(jīng)生物學(xué)機制,。
近期另外一項研究通過費洛蒙解開了果蠅的一個謎團:在配對之前雌性果蠅對雄性果蠅有巨大魅力,可一旦它們結(jié)合后,,雌果蠅就會失去對其他雄果蠅的吸引力,,這到底是什么原因呢?
研究人員利用飛行時間質(zhì)譜儀技術(shù),,發(fā)現(xiàn)一種名為CH503的碳氫化合物會在雄果蠅體表的一個專區(qū)密集分布,,在與雌果蠅結(jié)合時,這種性信息素會傳播到雌果蠅身上并附著10天以上,。研究人員對未與異性結(jié)合的雌果蠅人工噴灑CH503,,結(jié)果它們隨即失去了對雄果蠅的吸引力,這說明性信息素CH503會抑制雄果蠅的配對欲望,。(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推薦原始出處:
Nature 6 December 2009 | doi:10.1038/nature08678
Identification of an aggression-promoting pheromone and its receptor neurons in Drosophila
Liming Wang1 & David J. Anderson1,2
1 Division of Biology 216-76,
2 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
Correspondence to: Liming Wang1David J. Anderson1,2 Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to D.J.A. or L.W.
Aggression is regulated by pheromones in many animal species1, 2, 3. However, in no system have aggression pheromones, their cognate receptors and corresponding sensory neurons been identified. Here we show that 11-cis-vaccenyl acetate (cVA), a male-specific volatile pheromone, robustly promotes male–male aggression in the vinegar fly Drosophila melanogaster. The aggression-promoting effect of synthetic cVA requires olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) expressing the receptor Or67d4, 5, 6, as well as the receptor itself. Activation of Or67d-expressing OSNs, either by genetic manipulation of their excitability or by exposure to male pheromones in the absence of other classes of OSNs, is sufficient to promote aggression. High densities of male flies can promote aggression by the release of volatile cVA. In turn, cVA-promoted aggression can promote male fly dispersal from a food resource, in a manner dependent on Or67d-expressing OSNs. These data indicate that cVA may mediate negative-feedback control of male population density, through its effect on aggression. Identification of a pheromone–OSN pair controlling aggression in a genetic organism opens the way to unravelling the neurobiology of this evolutionarily conserved behaviour.