在非洲烏干達(dá)基巴萊國(guó)家公園的熱帶雨林中,,一只年輕的雌性黑猩猩好像“收養(yǎng)”了一根樹(shù)枝,。它將樹(shù)枝緊緊抱在懷中,,并且走到哪兒就帶到哪兒。
這是人們首次在野生動(dòng)物世界中發(fā)現(xiàn)這種行為,。在一項(xiàng)新的研究中,,研究人員認(rèn)為這種懷抱樹(shù)枝的行為可能類(lèi)似于人類(lèi)兒童玩洋娃娃。研究人員還觀察到,,這種行為在雌性黑猩猩中要常見(jiàn)得多,,因此他們認(rèn)為有些針對(duì)特定性別的行為是出自本能的。
觀察黑猩猩可是件苦差事,。美國(guó)哈佛大學(xué)的靈長(zhǎng)類(lèi)動(dòng)物學(xué)家Richard Wrangham和他的同事每天要花上12個(gè)小時(shí)的時(shí)間,,在濃密的雨林里追蹤一個(gè)由68只黑猩猩組成的族群,,并且大多數(shù)時(shí)間他們都得蹲伏在植被后面。
在研究期間,,他們大約觀察到了300次黑猩猩撿樹(shù)枝的行為,。在這些行為中,有40%的時(shí)候,,它們把樹(shù)枝抱在臂彎里或腹部和大腿形成的空間里,,盡管其他時(shí)候它們只是用樹(shù)枝來(lái)戳弄大樹(shù)或者彼此打架。
超過(guò)75%懷抱樹(shù)枝的行為發(fā)生在雌性黑猩猩身上,,研究者將這一結(jié)果在線(xiàn)發(fā)表在12月20日出版的《當(dāng)代生物學(xué)》(Current Biology)上,。研究人員還發(fā)現(xiàn),雌性黑猩猩將樹(shù)枝作為工具的幾率是雄性黑猩猩的10倍以上,,這是人們首次發(fā)現(xiàn)了兩個(gè)性別之間如此大的差距,。
Wrangham說(shuō),黑猩猩懷抱樹(shù)枝的行為讓他想起了女孩玩洋娃娃游戲的樣子,。由于當(dāng)了母親的黑猩猩從不玩樹(shù)枝,,因此年輕的黑猩猩可能并非是從自己的母親那里學(xué)到的這種行為。與之恰恰相反,,這種行為可能是與生俱來(lái)的,。
由于黑猩猩和人類(lèi)在演化上的親緣關(guān)系,Wrangham認(rèn)為人類(lèi)兒童玩洋娃娃以及其他針對(duì)特定性別的行為可能也是出于本能,。
但Rebecca Jordan-Young覺(jué)得Wrangham的結(jié)論演繹得過(guò)頭了,,她是美國(guó)紐約市巴納德學(xué)院的一名社會(huì)醫(yī)療科學(xué)家,主攻性,、性別等方面的研究,。Jordan-Young并不認(rèn)為人們從這項(xiàng)研究中能夠?qū)π詣e之間天生的差異進(jìn)行全面的解釋。她說(shuō)研究人員不能排除雌性黑猩猩懷抱樹(shù)枝的行為是從其他同齡雌性的行為中模仿的可能性,。這也許是黑猩猩文化里的一種“時(shí)尚”,。
除此之外,,Jordan-Young還質(zhì)疑論文作者將攜帶洋娃娃的行為置于重要地位的必要性,。她說(shuō),令人感興趣的只有雌性黑猩猩比雄性更多地使用工具這一事實(shí),,但這一結(jié)果并沒(méi)有占據(jù)整個(gè)研究的首要位置,。(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推薦原文出處:
Current Biology doi:10.1016/j.cub.2010.11.024
Sex differences in chimpanzees' use of sticks as play objects resemble those of children
Sonya M. Kahlenberg1 and Richard W. Wrangham2, ,
1 Department of Biology, Bates College, Lewiston, Maine 04240, USA
2 Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
Summary
Sex differences in children's toy play are robust and similar across cultures [1,2]. They include girls tending to play more with dolls and boys more with wheeled toys and pretend weaponry. This pattern is explained by socialization by elders and peers, male rejection of opposite-sex behavior and innate sex differences in activity preferences that are facilitated by specific toys [1]. Evidence for biological factors is controversial but mounting. For instance, girls who have been exposed to high fetal androgen levels are known to make relatively masculine toy choices [3]. Also, when presented with sex-stereotyped human toys, captive female monkeys play more with typically feminine toys, whereas male monkeys play more with masculine toys [1]. In human and nonhuman primates, juvenile females demonstrate a greater interest in infants, and males in rough-and-tumble play. This sex difference in activity preferences parallels adult behavior and may contribute to differences in toy play [1]. Here, we present the first evidence of sex differences in use of play objects in a wild primate, in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). We find that juveniles tend to carry sticks in a manner suggestive of rudimentary doll play and, as in children and captive monkeys, this behavior is more common in females than in males.