捕食者與獵物的相互關(guān)系已被證明是促進(jìn)生物進(jìn)化的主要?jiǎng)恿χ弧Ec捕食和被捕食相關(guān)的自然選擇可能會(huì)帶來(lái)物種在形態(tài),、生理和行為等各方面的適應(yīng)性進(jìn)化,。植食性昆蟲具有復(fù)雜的御敵防衛(wèi)系統(tǒng),,其中基于形態(tài)和生理特化的化學(xué)防衛(wèi)已被證明在不同類群具有趨同進(jìn)化的可能,但同時(shí)基于形態(tài)與行為特化的系統(tǒng)進(jìn)化還較少有人研究,。鞘翅目葉甲科昆蟲具有多樣化的御敵防衛(wèi)機(jī)制,,在行為上表現(xiàn)為在遇到捕食者或干擾者時(shí)從寄主植物上飛離、逃跑、跌落和跳躍等多種方式,,其中尤以跳躍所需的形態(tài)基礎(chǔ)最為特殊,。
葉甲科中的跳甲類昆蟲因后足腿節(jié)膨大且腿節(jié)內(nèi)具有骨化的跳器而具有較強(qiáng)的跳躍能力。自1929年跳器這一結(jié)構(gòu)被發(fā)現(xiàn)以來(lái),,在傳統(tǒng)分類學(xué)上,,跳器的有無(wú)長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)被作為劃分跳甲和葉甲科其它近緣類群的重要鑒別特征。然而,,在跳甲及其近緣類群的傳統(tǒng)分類學(xué)研究中卻不乏“過渡屬”,,“問題屬”等分類單元的存在,這些類群多數(shù)具有跳器,,但是在其它形態(tài)特征上,,如后翅翅脈、雌性生殖系統(tǒng)的骨化結(jié)構(gòu)等卻與螢葉甲相關(guān)類群相似,。這類現(xiàn)象的存在使跳甲與螢葉甲的系統(tǒng)發(fā)育關(guān)系成為鞘翅目系統(tǒng)進(jìn)化研究中長(zhǎng)期爭(zhēng)論的話題,,而跳甲與螢葉甲高級(jí)階元的分類研究也因此受到一定程度的阻礙。
最近,,中科院動(dòng)物研究所等機(jī)構(gòu)的科研人員通過對(duì)跳甲,、螢葉甲的分子系統(tǒng)學(xué)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),跳器在傳統(tǒng)的跳甲亞科和螢葉甲亞科中具有平行進(jìn)化的現(xiàn)象,,從而否定了以跳器作為界定跳甲亞科和螢葉甲亞科的可靠性,。對(duì)“跳器這一功能結(jié)構(gòu)在跳甲和螢葉甲中存在平行進(jìn)化”這一假說(shuō)的驗(yàn)證,解決了鞘翅目系統(tǒng)分類與進(jìn)化研究中長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)爭(zhēng)論不休的一個(gè)重要科學(xué)問題,,這也提示在分類學(xué)研究中將與御敵防衛(wèi)相關(guān)的形態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)作為分類依據(jù)時(shí)需要謹(jǐn)慎,。分子進(jìn)化鐘的估算顯示,跳器結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單的類群并不像前人推測(cè)的那樣屬于原始類群,;同時(shí)也再次驗(yàn)證了跳甲和螢葉甲比葉甲科其它類群起源要晚,。但是跳甲和螢葉甲卻具有非常豐富的物種,因而其具有較高的物種分化率,。研究人員推測(cè):跳器在葉甲科不同類群的多次起源可能是這些類群適應(yīng)于相似自然選擇,,尤其是被捕食的壓力的結(jié)果,跳器的存在和在葉甲科中的多次出現(xiàn)可能提高了這些類群的御敵防衛(wèi)效率,,也加速了其物種的快速分化,。
該項(xiàng)研究由動(dòng)物進(jìn)化與系統(tǒng)學(xué)院重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室楊星科研究員、英國(guó)帝國(guó)理工大學(xué)Alfried P. Vogler教授和西班牙巴塞羅那生物進(jìn)化研究所Jesús Gómez-Zurita研究員領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的課題組合作完成,,在國(guó)內(nèi)得到中國(guó)科學(xué)院知識(shí)創(chuàng)新工程,、國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金等項(xiàng)目的資助。第一作者葛德燕博士還受到國(guó)家留學(xué)基金委中英聯(lián)合培養(yǎng)博士研究生獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金的資助,。
這一研究成果已在線發(fā)表于Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Science,。(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推薦原文出處:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Science. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2010.1500
Anti-predator defence drives parallel morphological evolution in flea beetles
Deyan Ge1,2,3, Douglas Chesters2,4, Jesús Gómez-Zurita5, Lijie Zhang1, Xingke Yang1,* and Alfried P. Vogler2,4,*
Abstract
Complex morphological or functional traits are frequently considered evolutionarily unique and hence useful for taxonomic classification. Flea beetles (Alticinae) are characterized by an extraordinary jumping apparatus in the usually greatly expanded femur of their hind legs that separates them from the related Galerucinae. Here, we examine the evolution of this trait using phylogenetic analysis and a time-calibrated tree from mitochondrial (rrnL and cox1) and nuclear (small subunits and large subunits) genes, as well as morphometrics of femora using elliptic Fourier analysis. The phylogeny strongly supports multiple independent origins of the metafemoral spring and therefore rejects the monophyly of Alticinae, as defined by this trait. Geometric outline analysis of femora shows the great plasticity of this structure and its correlation with the type and diversity of the metafemoral springs. The recognition of convergence in jumping apparatus now resolves the long-standing difficulties of Galerucinae–Alticinae classification, and cautions against the value of trait complexity as a measure of taxonomic significance. The lineage also shows accelerated species diversification rates relative to other leaf beetles, which may be promoted by the same ecological factors that also favour the repeated evolution of jumping as an anti-predation mechanism.