大約2.5億年前,,地球上海洋生命的95%、陸地生命的70%慘遭厄運,科學(xué)界稱之為“二疊紀滅絕”,。這次滅絕究竟是什么原因造成的呢?加拿大卡爾加里大學(xué)的研究人員認為他們現(xiàn)在找到了問題的答案,,其原因是大規(guī)模的火山爆發(fā)導(dǎo)致海量的碳燃燒,,由此產(chǎn)生的有毒煙霧云對全球陸地和海洋產(chǎn)生了巨大而廣泛的影響。
加拿大自然資源委員會科學(xué)家,、卡爾加里大學(xué)地球科學(xué)系客座教授史蒂夫·格拉斯比及其同事在加拿大北極區(qū)域的滅絕時代生成的巖石中找到了煤煙灰層,,他們認為這個證據(jù)可以直接證明他們所解釋的大滅絕原因。相關(guān)研究文章發(fā)表在最新出版的《自然·地球科學(xué)》雜志上,。
與發(fā)生在6500萬年前,、目前普遍認為隕石撞擊至少是部分原因的恐龍滅絕不同,“二疊紀滅絕”發(fā)生的原因人類至今仍然不盡清楚,。過去有研究人員推測,,西伯利亞的火山噴發(fā)時經(jīng)過了煤床,產(chǎn)生了巨大數(shù)量的溫室氣體,,造成了全球氣候“脫韁野馬式”的巨大變化,。
研究小組對他們所找到的含有特殊有機層的巖石進行了分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)巖層中含有大量有機物質(zhì),,因此立即確認是煤灰層,,其與目前發(fā)電廠所產(chǎn)生的煤灰別無二致。
格拉斯比認為,,他們的研究成果首次給出了大規(guī)?;鹕奖l(fā)的直接證據(jù)。那次的火山爆發(fā)是有史以來地球上最大的一次,,導(dǎo)致了大規(guī)模的碳燃燒,,并產(chǎn)生了大量的溫室氣體。
在大滅絕當時,地球上只有一片巨大的陸地,,陸地上有沙漠也有森林,。四肢脊椎動物的種類正變得越來越多,其中有原始的兩棲類動物,、早期的爬蟲動物等,,這類動物組最終還包括哺乳動物。
而被稱為“西伯利亞陷阱”的火山群位于俄羅斯北部,,周圍的城市有圖拉,、雅庫茲克、伊爾庫茨克等,,該火山群的區(qū)域面積有200萬平方公里,。火山灰最后落在了加拿大北極區(qū)域,,就是研究小組目前找到煤灰層的地方,。
研究小組認為,伴隨著氣溫升高,,海洋里氧氣濃度下降,,這些煤灰在當時給地球增加了更多的麻煩。格拉斯比形容,,當時地球環(huán)境相當惡劣,,除了火山導(dǎo)致大量的煤燃燒外,煤灰的毒性很大,,分布在陸地和海洋,,到處都是。加科學(xué)家推斷這是地球歷史上生命最慘重滅絕的最可能原因,。(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推薦原文出處:
Nature Geoscience doi:10.1038/ngeo1069
Catastrophic dispersion of coal fly ash into oceans during the latest Permian extinction
Stephen E. Grasby,Hamed Sanei& Benoit Beauchamp
During the latest Permian extinction about 250?Myr ago, more than 90% of marine species went extinct, and biogeochemical cycles were disrupted globally1. The cause of the disruption is unclear, but a link between the eruption of the Siberian Trap flood basalts and the extinction has been suggested on the basis of the rough coincidence of the two events2, 3. The flood basalt volcanism released CO2. In addition, related thermal metamorphism of Siberian coal measures and organic-rich shales led to the emission of methane, which would have affected global climate and carbon cycling, according to model simulations2, 3, 4, 5, 6. This scenario is supported by evidence for volcanic eruptions and gas release in the Siberian Tunguska Basin6, but direct indicators of coal combustion have not been detected. Here we present analyses of terrestrial carbon in marine sediments that suggest a substantial amount of char was deposited in Permian aged rocks from the Canadian High Arctic immediately before the mass extinction. Based on the geochemistry and petrology of the char, we propose that the char was derived from the combustion of Siberian coal and organic-rich sediments by flood basalts, which was then dispersed globally. The char is remarkably similar to modern coal fly ash, which can create toxic aquatic conditions when released as slurries. We therefore speculate that the global distribution of ash could have created toxic marine conditions.