2011年3月31日出版的英國(guó)《自然》雜志以封面文章的形式介紹了由沈陽(yáng)師范大學(xué),、吉林大學(xué),、中科院植物所和美國(guó)印第安納大學(xué),、佛羅里達(dá)大學(xué)科學(xué)家組成的課題組的一重大發(fā)現(xiàn)。
科學(xué)家最近在我國(guó)東北遼寧凌源距今約1.24億年的地層中首次發(fā)現(xiàn)迄今最早的真雙子葉被子植物化石——“李氏果”,,這一古老的真雙子葉植物非常接近現(xiàn)生的毛茛科植物,,也是現(xiàn)生的大多數(shù)有花植物有直接系統(tǒng)演化聯(lián)系的迄今最早的“祖先”。
被子植物又稱有花植物,,而真雙子葉植物是被子植物的主要分支之一,,以具有三溝型花粉為特征。人們平時(shí)常見(jiàn)的槭樹,、柞樹以及毛茛科植物等都是真雙子葉植物,。然而,由于早期真雙子葉植物的化石十分罕見(jiàn),,以往科學(xué)界對(duì)真雙子葉植物的早期類群及其祖先所知甚少,。這次發(fā)現(xiàn)的“李氏果”填補(bǔ)了我國(guó)早白堊世早中期真雙子葉植物化石記錄的空白。
我國(guó)遼西熱河生物群是目前地球上少有的古生物化石寶庫(kù),,此前,,科學(xué)家曾相繼在此發(fā)現(xiàn)了“遼寧古果”、“中華古果”,、“十字里海果”等被子植物化石,,其中“遼寧古果”更是被譽(yù)為迄今發(fā)現(xiàn)的地球上“最早的花”,這些已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)的被子植物化石與此次發(fā)現(xiàn)的“李氏果”基本上都處于距今約1.24億年前至1.25億年前的地層,。
這次發(fā)現(xiàn)的“李氏果”化石保存完好,,形態(tài)特征與現(xiàn)生的毛茛科植物基本一致,在葉形,、脈序和果實(shí)特征等方面特別像現(xiàn)生的鐵線蓮,、翠雀花等。
“尤其難得的是,,‘中華古果’,、‘十字里海果’以及‘遼寧古果’,盡管所處年代與‘李氏果’基本相當(dāng)或稍早,,但它們所屬的科級(jí)類群現(xiàn)在都已滅絕,而‘李氏果’所代表的真雙子葉植物現(xiàn)在仍有約25萬(wàn)種,,占整個(gè)被子植物種類的75%,,這使得‘李氏果’成為迄今最早的與現(xiàn)生毛茛科被子植物有直接系統(tǒng)演化聯(lián)系的化石。”課題組負(fù)責(zé)人,、我國(guó)古植物學(xué)家孫革教授說(shuō),。
科學(xué)家們認(rèn)為,,這些化石在大致同時(shí)期的集中發(fā)現(xiàn)表明,在距今1.25億年前,,早期被子植物在演化上可能有一個(gè)“加速期”或稱“爆發(fā)期”,,這較之科學(xué)界以往的認(rèn)識(shí)要早1000萬(wàn)年左右。孫革說(shuō),,被子植物也不可能剛一出現(xiàn)就進(jìn)入“爆發(fā)期”,,因此推斷,被子植物的起源還應(yīng)該在“爆發(fā)期”之前,,課題組今后將集中精力在距今約1.6億年前至1.8億年前的侏羅紀(jì)地層里去尋找更早的“花”,。(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推薦原文出處:
Nature doi:10.1038/nature09811
A eudicot from the Early Cretaceous of China
Ge Sun,1, 2 David L. Dilcher,1, 2, 3 Hongshan Wang1, 4 & Zhiduan Chen5
The current molecular systematics of angiosperms1 recognizes the basal angiosperms and five major angiosperm lineages: the Chloranthaceae, the magnoliids, the monocots, Ceratophyllum and the eudicots, which consist of the basal eudicots and the core eudicots2. The eudicots form the majority of the angiosperms in the world today. The flowering plants are of exceptional evolutionary interest because of their diversity of over 250,000 species and their abundance as the dominant vegetation in most terrestrial ecosystems, but little is known of their very early history. In this report we document an early presence of eudicots during the Early Cretaceous Period. Diagnostic characters of the eudicot fossil Leefructus gen. nov. include simple and deeply trilobate leaves clustered at the nodes in threes or fours, basal palinactinodromous primary venation, pinnate secondary venation, and a long axillary reproductive axis terminating in a flattened receptacle bearing five long, narrow pseudo-syncarpous carpels. These morphological characters suggest that its affinities are with the Ranunculaceae, a basal eudicot family. The fossil co-occurs with Archaefructus sinensis3 and Hyrcantha decussata4 whereas Archaefructus liaoningensis5 comes from more ancient sediments. Multiple radiometric dates of the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation place the bed yielding this fossil at 122.6–125.8 million years old6, 7, 8. The earliest fossil records of eudicots are 127 to 125 million years old, on the basis of pollen9, 10. Thus, Leefructus gen. nov. suggests that the basal eudicots were already present and diverse by the latest Barremian and earliest Aptian.