來(lái)自中國(guó)科學(xué)院古脊椎動(dòng)物與古人類(lèi)研究所,,美國(guó)自然歷史博物館(American Museum of Natural History)等處的研究人員通過(guò)分析出土于我國(guó)遼西的化石,發(fā)現(xiàn)了哺乳動(dòng)物如何進(jìn)化具有靈敏聽(tīng)力的原因,,這一研究成果公布在《自然》(Nature)雜志上,。
文章的第一作者和通訊作者是中國(guó)科學(xué)院古脊椎動(dòng)物與古人類(lèi)研究所客座研究員孟津,,其他研究人員包括王元青和李傳夔。
爬行動(dòng)物的下頜由幾塊不同的骨頭組成,。然而,,在哺乳動(dòng)物中,它只由一塊骨頭組成,,即承擔(dān)牙齒的齒骨,,因?yàn)槠溆嗟墓穷^大都變成了穿過(guò)中耳傳輸聲音的小骨,。這種轉(zhuǎn)變是演化變化的一個(gè)典型事例,但關(guān)于這種轉(zhuǎn)變過(guò)程正在進(jìn)行當(dāng)中的直接化石證據(jù)卻一直難以找到,。
在這篇文章中,,研究人員從來(lái)自白堊紀(jì)的一種三錐齒動(dòng)物化石上發(fā)現(xiàn),這種動(dòng)物下頜構(gòu)成部分已開(kāi)始成為中耳的小骨,,但仍通過(guò)一片骨化的軟骨跟下頜連在一起,。這個(gè)構(gòu)成部分(稱(chēng)作“美凱爾氏軟骨”)是下頜內(nèi)表面的一個(gè)重要部分,這一新發(fā)現(xiàn)的化石表明,,它是導(dǎo)致哺乳動(dòng)物中耳形成的演化拼圖中至關(guān)重要的一塊,。
據(jù)報(bào)道,比起現(xiàn)生哺乳動(dòng)物的聽(tīng)骨,,這種動(dòng)物的下頜關(guān)節(jié)骨雖然已經(jīng)脫離了下頜的齒骨,,但個(gè)頭還有點(diǎn)大,但已與聽(tīng)骨非常接近,。同時(shí),,它還連接在骨化的麥?zhǔn)宪浌巧希形赐耆M(jìn)入頭骨——這是非常難得的發(fā)現(xiàn),。由于軟骨在化石中難以保存,,動(dòng)物死亡后,會(huì)隨肌肉等一起腐爛消失,。因此,,盡管早在1870年,古生物學(xué)家就在化石上注意到了麥?zhǔn)宪浌巧L(zhǎng)的溝痕,,卻不知道那到底是肌肉,、神經(jīng),還是血管留下的,。而現(xiàn)生哺乳動(dòng)物的麥?zhǔn)宪浌侵淮嬖谟谂咛グl(fā)育過(guò)程中,,待下頜骨發(fā)育完成后,就自動(dòng)消失了,。(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推薦原文出處:
Nature 472, 181–185 (14 April 2011) doi:10.1038/nature09921
Transitional mammalian middle ear from a new Cretaceous Jehol eutriconodont
Jin Meng,Yuanqing Wang & Chuankui Li
The transference of post-dentary jaw elements to the cranium of mammals as auditory ossicles is one of the central topics in evolutionary biology of vertebrates. Homologies of these bones among jawed vertebrates have long been demonstrated by developmental studies; but fossils illuminating this critical transference are sparse and often ambiguous. Here we report the first unambiguous ectotympanic (angular), malleus (articular and prearticular) and incus (quadrate) of an Early Cretaceous eutriconodont mammal from the Jehol Biota, Liaoning, China. The ectotympanic and malleus have lost their direct contact with the dentary bone but still connect the ossified Meckel’s cartilage (OMC); we hypothesize that the OMC serves as a stabilizing mechanism bridging the dentary and the detached ossicles during mammalian evolution. This transitional mammalian middle ear narrows the morphological gap between the mandibular middle ear in basal mammaliaforms and the definitive mammalian middle ear (DMME) of extant mammals; it reveals complex changes contributing to the detachment of ear ossicles during mammalian evolution.