一項對古代陶器的研究提示，人類可能經(jīng)歷了從打魚,、狩獵和采集到農(nóng)業(yè)的逐漸而非突然的轉變。
Oliver E. Craig及其同事分析了保存在來自北歐的西波羅的海地區(qū)的132個陶質容器中的烹調殘留物，從而確定這些殘留物究竟來自陸地,、海洋還是淡水生物。
這些作者研究了來自公元前4000年的15個遺址的陶鍋,， 公元前4000年是該地區(qū)馴化的動物和植物的首個證據(jù)出現(xiàn)的時間,。這組作者發(fā)現(xiàn)，在農(nóng)業(yè)和馴化動植物出現(xiàn)之后,，打魚仍然對人類飲食有貢獻,，來自沿海地區(qū)的鍋含有一種見于海洋生物的碳富集的殘留物。
此外,，大約1/5的沿海鍋還有其他的水生生物的生物痕跡,，包括陸生動植物缺乏的脂肪和油。
在內陸遺址,，28%的鍋含有來自水生生物的殘留物,，它們看上去來自淡水魚。
這組作者還報告了清晰的證據(jù)表明一旦農(nóng)業(yè)到來,，陶器在該地區(qū)被用于處理來自馴化動物的奶制品,。這些發(fā)現(xiàn)提示,，盡管農(nóng)業(yè)的推廣非常迅速，它當時可能沒有導致從狩獵-采集生活到農(nóng)業(yè)的急劇轉變,。(生物谷 Bioon.com)
doi:10.1073/pnas.1107202108
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Ancient lipids reveal continuity in culinary practices across the transition to agriculture in Northern Europe
Oliver E. Craig, Val J. Steele, Anders Fischer, Sönke Hartzd, S ren H. Andersene, Paul Donohoef, Aikaterini Glykoug, Hayley Saula, D. Martin Jonesf, Eva Kochh,2, and Carl P. Heronb
Farming transformed societies globally. Yet, despite more than a century of research, there is little consensus on the speed or completeness of this fundamental change and, consequently, on its principal drivers. For Northern Europe, the debate has often centered on the rich archaeological record of the Western Baltic, but even here it is unclear how quickly or completely people abandoned wild terrestrial and marine resources after the introduction of domesticated plants and animals at ∼4000 calibrated years B.C. Ceramic containers are found ubiquitously on these sites and contain remarkably well-preserved lipids derived from the original use of the vessel. Reconstructing culinary practices from this ceramic record can contribute to longstanding debates concerning the origins of farming. Here we present data on the molecular and isotopic characteristics of lipids extracted from 133 ceramic vessels and 100 carbonized surface residues dating to immediately before and after the first evidence of domesticated animals and plants in the Western Baltic. The presence of specific lipid biomarkers, notably ω-(o-alkylphenyl)alkanoic acids, and the isotopic composition of individual n-alkanoic acids clearly show that a significant proportion (∼20%) of ceramic vessels with lipids preserved continued to be used for processing marine and freshwater resources across the transition to agriculture in this region. Although changes in pottery use are immediately evident, our data challenge the popular notions that economies were completely transformed with the arrival of farming and that Neolithic pottery was exclusively associated with produce from domesticated animals and plants.
