一項新的研究報告表明,大鼠的幼獸與人類的嬰兒都是通過同一個運動神經(jīng)元鏈的指令來學(xué)習(xí)行走的,。
這些發(fā)現(xiàn)表明,人類和其它動物的運動都進化自某個共同的祖先神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò),。科學(xué)家們傾向于將神經(jīng)的相互作用想象為電子電路,。這些模型凸顯了個體神經(jīng)元是如何應(yīng)用電信號來相互聯(lián)絡(luò)的,,或具有不同功能的相互連接的神經(jīng)元組是如何相互發(fā)送信息的。
Nadia Dominici及其在意大利和美國的同事將幼兒,、學(xué)齡前兒童和成年人的在走路時由20種不同的骨骼肌產(chǎn)生的電活動與一個新生兒的“反射性行走”進行了比較,。(一個嬰兒在被維持在直立狀態(tài)并沿著某個表面移動時會嘗試邁出步子。)
文章的作者發(fā)現(xiàn),,在新生兒中,,脊髓神經(jīng)元會在兩個時期被激活:控制腿的彎曲與伸展的時期及控制腿交替向前移動的時期。
幼童的更為成熟的神經(jīng)回路需要4個時期,。除了彎曲和伸展之外,,另外兩個時期控制著諸如告訴足尖在腿開始彎曲之前抬離地面等行走時的細微的方面。
隨著幼童年齡的增長,,這一4-時期的模式變得日益增強,。研究人員在大鼠、貓,、猴子和珍珠雞中都觀察到了驚人相似的神經(jīng)回路,。
結(jié)果表明,,在幼童的獨立運動階段之后,,人類的發(fā)育似乎偏離了其它動物的發(fā)育模式,這也許是為了適應(yīng)諸如伸手夠取和握緊物體等復(fù)雜的手臂動作,。盡管直立、雙足行走將人類與動物王國區(qū)分開來,,并成為人類進化中的一個關(guān)鍵性事件,,但這一研究表明,,自然不會因為偏愛一種全新的設(shè)計布局而拋棄舊的裝備,,而是會保留運動功能的某些方面,。一則相關(guān)的《觀點欄目》對這些發(fā)現(xiàn)以及它們對理解人類運動進化根源的意義進行了解釋,。(生物谷 Bioon.com)
doi:10.1126/science.1210617
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Locomotor Primitives in Newborn Babies and Their Development
Nadia Dominici, Yuri P. Ivanenko, Germana Cappellini, Andrea d’Avella, Vito Mondì, Marika Cicchese, Adele Fabiano, Tiziana Silei, Ambrogio Di Paolo, Carlo Giannini, Richard E. Poppele, Francesco Lacquaniti
How rudimentary movements evolve into sophisticated ones during development remains unclear. It is often assumed that the primitive patterns of neural control are suppressed during development, replaced by entirely new patterns. Here we identified the basic patterns of lumbosacral motoneuron activity from multimuscle recordings in stepping neonates, toddlers, preschoolers, and adults. Surprisingly, we found that the two basic patterns of stepping neonates are retained through development, augmented by two new patterns first revealed in toddlers. Markedly similar patterns were observed also in the rat, cat, macaque, and guineafowl, consistent with the hypothesis that, despite substantial phylogenetic distances and morphological differences, locomotion in several animal species is built starting from common primitives, perhaps related to a common ancestral neural network.