2月24日,,美國《科學》雜志刊登的一篇研究報告顯示,曾在墨西哥尤卡坦半島和中美洲興盛一時的瑪雅文明的崩潰,,可能與中等程度的干旱有關,。
科學界長期以來一直懷疑,瑪雅人歷時100多年的緩慢衰敗與周期性的干旱有關,,但未能確認瑪雅社會在崩潰前經(jīng)歷了多大程度的干旱,。墨西哥尤卡坦科研中心和英國南安普頓大學研究人員分析了來自尤卡坦半島的湖泊和石筍記錄后發(fā)現(xiàn),在公元800年至950年間的瑪雅文明衰敗期,,由于夏季風暴減少,,該地區(qū)降雨量曾不時地減少,有些降雨量減少的時期可長達10年,,總體而言,,瑪雅社會經(jīng)歷的年度降水量比此前的正常期少大約25%至40%。這使該地區(qū)河流,、湖泊等“開放水源”的蒸發(fā)量超過降水量,。
研究人員表示,夏季是瑪雅人耕作并對貯水系統(tǒng)進行補充的主要季節(jié),,而中等程度的降水減少就導致部分沒有河流或其他水源的地區(qū)經(jīng)歷比較嚴重的水荒,,“社會解體、城市被拋棄就成為水荒的可能后果,特別是因為持續(xù)多年的干旱頻繁發(fā)生”,。
研究人員表示,,這項發(fā)現(xiàn)凸顯了尤卡坦半島和中美洲對中度干旱情況的敏感性,這對現(xiàn)代社會也具有警示意義——即便現(xiàn)代人擁有更先進的抗旱手段,,降水量的持續(xù)減少也可能產(chǎn)生深遠影響。
doi: 10.1126/science.1216629
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Collapse of Classic Maya Civilization Related to Modest Reduction in Precipitation
Martín Medina-Elizalde, Eelco J. Rohling.
The disintegration of the Classic Maya civilization in the Yucatán Peninsula and Central America was a complex process that occurred over an approximately 200-year interval and involved a catastrophic depopulation of the region. Although it is well established that the civilization collapse coincided with widespread episodes of drought, their nature and severity remain enigmatic. We present a quantitative analysis that offers a coherent interpretation of four of the most detailed paleoclimate records of the event. We conclude that the droughts occurring during the disintegration of the Maya civilization represented up to a 40% reduction in annual precipitation, probably due to a reduction in summer season tropical storm frequency and intensity.