近日,,國(guó)際著名雜志《自然》(Nature)雜志在線發(fā)表了中國(guó)科學(xué)院南京地質(zhì)古生物研究所科學(xué)家在古昆蟲(chóng)學(xué)研究領(lǐng)域取得重要進(jìn)展“中國(guó)中生代多樣化的過(guò)渡期巨型跳蚤”,。
蚤目是昆蟲(chóng)綱中一類外形高度特化的昆蟲(chóng),成蟲(chóng)無(wú)翅,,體小而側(cè)扁,,通常體長(zhǎng)1-3毫米。跳蚤是外寄生昆蟲(chóng),,吸食哺乳動(dòng)物(包括人類)和鳥(niǎo)類的血液,。跳蚤目前已經(jīng)報(bào)道了約2500種或亞種。和其他寄生性昆蟲(chóng)一樣,,跳蚤難以保存為化石,。跳蚤化石多見(jiàn)于新生代琥珀,而它們都是現(xiàn)代類型,。因此,,關(guān)于蚤目的起源及中生代的演化證據(jù)長(zhǎng)期缺失。過(guò)去,,中生代跳蚤僅報(bào)道過(guò)一例,,就是澳大利亞早白堊世的Tarwinia(距今約1.2億年),但它的分類位置及系統(tǒng)關(guān)系存在高度爭(zhēng)議,。
近年來(lái),,黃迪穎等在我國(guó)內(nèi)蒙寧城中侏羅世道虎溝動(dòng)物群(距今約1.65億年)和遼寧北票早白堊世熱河動(dòng)物群(約1.25億年)發(fā)現(xiàn)了一些巨型跳蚤化石,使人們對(duì)跳蚤的起源與早期演化,,系統(tǒng)關(guān)系及早期寄主的選擇等科學(xué)問(wèn)題有了全新的認(rèn)識(shí),,同時(shí)將蚤目的化石記錄至少提前了4000多萬(wàn)年。
這些中生代的跳蚤體型十分巨大,,通常體長(zhǎng)在1.5厘米左右,,有的種類甚至可以超過(guò)2厘米。和現(xiàn)代的跳蚤一樣,,雌性個(gè)體通常大于雄性,,如道虎溝一種跳蚤雌性長(zhǎng)1.4厘米,而雄性只有0.8厘米長(zhǎng),。這些跳蚤和現(xiàn)代類型一樣無(wú)翅,;它們的體型則并非側(cè)扁,而是更接近于背腹扁平;它們觸角短卻具有更多的節(jié)數(shù)(16-19節(jié),,而現(xiàn)代種類11節(jié)),;它們具有很長(zhǎng)的后口式吸管式口器;足很長(zhǎng),,發(fā)育各種櫛狀剛毛,,但后足并不象現(xiàn)代種類那樣是跳躍型的,爪很長(zhǎng),;胸部急腹部發(fā)育大量向后的鬃毛,;雄性生殖器大而暴露。
新的跳蚤化石具有很長(zhǎng)的刺吸式口器,,這顯示了與一些中生代具有吸管的長(zhǎng)翅目昆蟲(chóng)的相似性,,從而更有力地支持了蚤目起源于長(zhǎng)翅目的假說(shuō)。
與Tarwinia(體長(zhǎng)7毫米)較光滑的體表不同,,新發(fā)現(xiàn)的侏羅紀(jì)與白堊紀(jì)巨型跳蚤足部發(fā)育櫛狀剛毛,,體表發(fā)育密集向后的鬃毛,揭示出它們適于寄生在具毛的脊椎動(dòng)物體表,。在相同時(shí)代甚至相同地層已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)多種哺乳動(dòng)物,,但當(dāng)時(shí)的哺乳動(dòng)物體型均很小。因而這些巨型跳蚤的寄主如果是哺乳動(dòng)物,,則可能隱藏在寄主的巢穴中適時(shí)吸吮寄主血液,。在當(dāng)時(shí)還存在很多帶毛恐龍,這些巨型跳蚤長(zhǎng)而尖銳且具銼狀小齒的口器顯然可以穿透這些恐龍的較為堅(jiān)韌的皮膚,,因而也不能排除它們寄生于帶毛恐龍?bào)w表的可能,。另外,俄羅斯早白堊世外形奇異的昆蟲(chóng)化石Saurophthirus曾經(jīng)被認(rèn)為是一種翼龍?bào)w表的寄生蟲(chóng),。經(jīng)過(guò)的對(duì)比研究,,黃迪穎等認(rèn)為它也是一種特化的跳蚤。以上事實(shí)表明,,中生代跳蚤外形已發(fā)生明顯分化,,從而適應(yīng)于不同寄主的寄生生活。
本研究得到國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金委員會(huì),、科技部,、中國(guó)科學(xué)院和現(xiàn)代古生物學(xué)和地層學(xué)國(guó)家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室的經(jīng)費(fèi)支持。(生物谷Bioon.com)
doi:10.1038/nature10839
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Diverse transitional giant fleas from the Mesozoic era of China
Diying Huang,1 Michael S. Engel,2, 3 Chenyang Cai,1 Hao Wu1 & André Nel4
Fleas are one of the major lineages of ectoparasitic insects and are now highly specialized for feeding on the blood of birds or mammals1. This has isolated them among holometabolan insect orders, although they derive from the Antliophora (scorpionflies and true flies). Like most ectoparasitic lineages, their fossil record is meagre and confined to Cenozoic-era representatives of modern families1, so that we lack evidence of the origins of fleas in the Mesozoic era. The origins of the first recognized Cretaceous stem-group flea, Tarwinia, remains highly controversial1. Here we report fossils of the oldest definitive fleas—giant forms from the Middle Jurassic and Early Cretaceous periods of China. They exhibit many defining features of fleas but retain primitive traits such as non-jumping hindlegs. More importantly, all have stout and elongate sucking siphons for piercing the hides of their hosts, implying that these fleas may be rooted among the pollinating ‘long siphonate’ scorpionflies of the Mesozoic. Their special morphology suggests that their earliest hosts were hairy or feathered ‘reptilians’, and that they radiated to mammalian and bird hosts later in the Cenozoic.