姓氏能夠告訴我們有關(guān)社會(huì)文化、遺傳學(xué)與歷史的什么信息？由北京師范大學(xué)系統(tǒng)科學(xué)系博士陳家偉,、中科院遺傳與發(fā)育生物學(xué)研究所研究員袁義達(dá)領(lǐng)銜的團(tuán)隊(duì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，姓氏可以作為一種遺傳印記，使科學(xué)家得以追蹤世系并理解現(xiàn)代中國的人口遷移與歷史事件,。該成果近日在線發(fā)表在《美國自然人類學(xué)雜志》上。
中國姓氏經(jīng)歷了大約4000年的演變,，受儒家文化影響,，通過世代傳承得到很好保存,，其分布也保持了很好的一致性。同時(shí),，由于漢字較少,，12.8億中國人共有7327個(gè)姓氏。其中,，100個(gè)最常見的姓氏占了人口的85%,，姓氏相對(duì)集中。
“相比于大部分其他國家,，中國姓氏包含了更多的文化與遺傳信息,。”陳家偉說。
陳家偉及其團(tuán)隊(duì)利用同姓率方法分析了12.8億中國國家居民身份證信息數(shù)據(jù),，在省,、市、縣三個(gè)層次上研究了人口結(jié)構(gòu)和演化規(guī)律,，以及基因漂移和人口遷移對(duì)人口結(jié)構(gòu)的影響,。
結(jié)果顯示，最高水平的姓氏多樣性主要出現(xiàn)在長江流域,，特別是長江中下游地區(qū),，在省和縣的層次上都具有較小的同姓率。這歸因于中國歷史上的多次大規(guī)模人口遷移,，使得這一流域的人口主要由當(dāng)?shù)鼐用窈蜌v史遷移人口組成,。
雖然涵蓋了廣闊的地理區(qū)域，東北三省與山東省之間的遺傳距離卻很小,。這是由于人們熟知的歷史性大遷移“闖關(guān)東”,，在這一過程中，共有2000萬人口遷移到人口稀少的東北三省,。
研究發(fā)現(xiàn),，由于中國人的居住習(xí)慣相對(duì)固定，距離隔離比較嚴(yán)重?，F(xiàn)代中國的總體姓氏地理分布與人口結(jié)構(gòu)是基因漂移和大規(guī)模人口遷移的結(jié)果,，在歷史發(fā)展過程中，形成了幾大中華文明區(qū)域中心,。
“中國姓氏的歷史傳承從未停止過,，經(jīng)過數(shù)千年的姓氏演變，基因漂移與人口遷移之間形成了一種獨(dú)特的平衡,。”陳家偉說,。(生物谷：Bioon.com)
doi:10.1002/ajpa.22055
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A study of surnames in china through isonymy
Yan Liu, Liujun Chen, Yida Yuan, Jiawei Chen
The isonymy structure of 1.28 billion people registered in China's National Citizen Identity Information System was studied at the provincial, prefectural, and county administrative division levels. The isonymy was 0.026 for China as a whole. The average value of isonymy was 0.033 for the 30 provinces, 0.035 for the 334 prefectures, and 0.040 for the 2811 counties. The isonymy in China was much higher than in other countries. This finding may be partly explained by the low number of surnames in the Chinese language. Two regional features can be identified from the geographic distributions of isonymy. One feature is that the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River had the lowest values of isonymy at both the provincial and county levels. The second feature is that most counties with the highest values of isonymy were distributed in the provinces with high proportions of ethnic minorities. According to the dendrogram of surname distances, several clusters could be identified. Most provinces in a cluster were conterminous with one another. The one exception could be explained by demic migration called “braving the journey to the northeast of China.” Isolation by distance could be detected because the correlation coefficients between Nei's distance and the geographic distances at the provincial, prefectural, and county levels were 0.64, 0.43, and 0.37, respectively. Human behaviors in Chinese history that may have caused these results have been discussed, including cultural origin, migration, residential patterns, and ethnic distribution.
