眾所周知，恒河猴（Macaca mulatta）是最重要的靈長(zhǎng)類(lèi)實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物之一,，也是靈長(zhǎng)類(lèi)中最廣布的類(lèi)群,，從西面的阿富汗到東面的中國(guó)沿海,，從喜馬拉雅山的南麓到印度中部，從中國(guó)的廣大中南部到印支半島中部的廣闊區(qū)域都有分布,。因而,，恒河猴可能是研究高原形成與非人靈長(zhǎng)類(lèi)遺傳結(jié)構(gòu)相關(guān)影響的最佳模式生物。
昆明動(dòng)物研究所張亞平院士課題組與四川大學(xué)岳碧松教授課題組合作,，運(yùn)用系統(tǒng)地理學(xué)的方法,，對(duì)中國(guó)多個(gè)地點(diǎn)的野生恒河猴群體的遺傳結(jié)構(gòu)和進(jìn)化史進(jìn)行了系統(tǒng)研究。我們同時(shí)選取母系遺傳的線粒體基因和核基因遺傳的微衛(wèi)星基因兩種不同的分子標(biāo)記,，運(yùn)用一系列的系統(tǒng)地理學(xué)的分析工具,，對(duì)兩組數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行了全面的分析。研究結(jié)果表明兩種分子標(biāo)記所反映的遺傳結(jié)構(gòu)顯著不同：線粒體數(shù)數(shù)據(jù)表明恒河猴大約形成在2.31個(gè)百萬(wàn)年前,，在中國(guó)境內(nèi)大約在1.15個(gè)百萬(wàn)年前形成了東部和西部?jī)纱髥伪缎徒M,。相對(duì)于東部單倍型組呈現(xiàn)出的更大的單倍型多樣度，西部單倍型組呈現(xiàn)出了更多的地理遺傳結(jié)構(gòu),，這一遺傳結(jié)構(gòu)的形成可能與發(fā)生在更新世晚期的青藏高原的隆升和第四紀(jì)冰川兩大地質(zhì)事件有關(guān),。微衛(wèi)星數(shù)據(jù)的分析結(jié)果支持東部和西部?jī)纱髥伪缎徒M之間沒(méi)有明顯的分化，從西部到東部方向具有更大的基因流動(dòng),。由雄性個(gè)體在不同群體之間的遷移所形成的基因流動(dòng),，可能導(dǎo)致了母系遺傳的線粒體相對(duì)于兩性遺傳的微衛(wèi)星具有更大的分化。此外,，我們也從保護(hù)生物學(xué)的角度提出了相應(yīng)的意見(jiàn)：在東部和西部?jī)纱笕后w分開(kāi)保護(hù)的同時(shí),，特別注重遺傳多樣性較低的海南、河南等群體的保護(hù),?；谇叭藢?duì)獼猴群體的研究主要是針對(duì)實(shí)驗(yàn)圈養(yǎng)的個(gè)體，本次研究主要是對(duì)野生群體進(jìn)行了研究,，這對(duì)實(shí)驗(yàn)圈養(yǎng)的個(gè)體下一步確定單倍型類(lèi)型提供了重要參考,。由四川大學(xué)的武善金博士和云南大學(xué)的羅靜副研究員作為共同第一作者。本次發(fā)表的受到編輯和審稿人的一致好評(píng),，認(rèn)為是獼猴野生群體遺傳學(xué)方面重要的研究,。（生物谷Bioon.com）
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0055315
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Ecological Genetics of Chinese Rhesus Macaque in Response to Mountain Building: All Things Are Not Equal
Shan-Jin Wu equal contributor,Jing Luo equal contributor,Qing-Qing Li,Yan-Qin Wang,Robert W. Murphy,Christopher Blair,Shi-Fang Wu,Bi-Song Yue ,Ya-Ping Zhang
Background
Pliocene uplifting of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) and Quaternary glaciation may have impacted the Asian biota more than any other events. Little is documented with respect to how the geological and climatological events influenced speciation as well as spatial and genetic structuring, especially in vertebrate endotherms. Macaca mulatta is the most widely distributed non-human primate. It may be the most suitable model to test hypotheses regarding the genetic consequences of orogenesis on an endotherm.
Methodology and Principal Findings
Using a large dataset of maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA gene sequences and nuclear microsatellite DNA data, we discovered two maternal super-haplogroups exist, one in western China and the other in eastern China. M. mulatta formed around 2.31 Ma (1.51–3.15, 95%), and divergence of the two major matrilines was estimated at 1.15 Ma (0.78–1.55, 95%). The western super-haplogroup exhibits significant geographic structure. In contrast, the eastern super-haplogroup has far greater haplotypic variability with little structure based on analyses of six variable microsatellite loci using Structure and Geneland. Analysis using Migrate detected greater gene flow from WEST to EAST than vice versa. We did not detect signals of bottlenecking in most populations.
Conclusions
Analyses of the nuclear and mitochondrial datasets obtained large differences in genetic patterns for M. mulatta. The difference likely reflects inheritance mechanisms of the maternally inherited mtDNA genome versus nuclear biparentally inherited STRs and male-mediated gene flow. Dramatic environmental changes may be responsible for shaping the matrilineal history of macaques. The timing of events, the formation of M. mulatta, and the divergence of the super-haplogroups, corresponds to both the uplifting of the QTP and Quaternary climatic oscillations. Orogenesis likely drove divergence of western populations in China, and Pleistocene glaciations are likely responsible for genetic structuring in the eastern super-haplogroup via geographic isolation and secondary contact.
