印度板塊和歐亞板塊碰撞后導(dǎo)致的青藏高原隆升是新生代以來地球上最重大的地質(zhì)歷史事件之一,,它深刻地影響了青藏高原及鄰近地區(qū)的氣候和環(huán)境,進(jìn)而對(duì)該地區(qū)生物類群的起源與演化產(chǎn)生了極大影響,。更新世以來冰期和間冰期的反復(fù)作用,,進(jìn)一步影響到該地區(qū)物種的分化、遷移和擴(kuò)散,。然而,,由于對(duì)該地區(qū)生物類群演變的研究較為薄弱,關(guān)于物種對(duì)這些重大地質(zhì)和氣候事件的響應(yīng)機(jī)制迄今尚無定論,,特別是在喜馬拉雅-橫斷山這一生物多樣性熱點(diǎn)區(qū)域內(nèi),。之前的研究表明地質(zhì)事件介導(dǎo)的異域分化是該地區(qū)物種形成的主要機(jī)制,并推測與地質(zhì)事件相關(guān)的生境和氣候因子的分化可能是該過程中的重要驅(qū)動(dòng)力,,然而一直缺乏有力證據(jù),。
中國科學(xué)院昆明植物研究所生物多樣性與生物地理學(xué)重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室劉杰博士,在高連明研究員和李德銖研究員的指導(dǎo)下,,選取喜馬拉雅-橫斷山地區(qū)特有的第三紀(jì)孑遺植物喜馬拉雅紅豆杉(Taxus wallichiana)為研究對(duì)象,,綜合運(yùn)用分子譜系地理學(xué)、居群遺傳學(xué)和生態(tài)位模擬等方法,,對(duì)采集自喜馬拉雅紅豆杉整個(gè)分布區(qū)的43個(gè)居群共815個(gè)個(gè)體為研究材料進(jìn)行了分析,,結(jié)合該物種分布地點(diǎn)的氣候數(shù)據(jù)和該地區(qū)的古環(huán)境資料,深入探討了喜馬拉雅紅豆杉的物種形成和居群演化機(jī)制,。
研究結(jié)果表明,,喜馬拉雅紅豆杉包含兩個(gè)明顯不同的譜系(EH lineage和HM lineage),它們分化的時(shí)間大約在4.2(2.0-6.5)Ma(百萬年前),。這個(gè)時(shí)間正好與青藏高原最近一次快速隆升及其造成的氣候變化相吻合,。兩個(gè)譜系的生態(tài)因子相關(guān)分析表明它們存在明顯分化。這意味著氣候變化造成的生態(tài)因子差異進(jìn)一步促進(jìn)了兩個(gè)譜系的分化,。生態(tài)位模擬分析結(jié)果顯示這兩個(gè)譜系在末次冰期最盛時(shí)(Last Glacial Maxium, LGM)的分布區(qū)要比末次間冰期和目前分布區(qū)小,,而分子證據(jù)同樣支持這兩個(gè)譜系的居群在末次冰期時(shí)發(fā)生了擴(kuò)張。
喜馬拉雅紅豆杉顯著的遺傳分化,,長期的地理隔離,,加之生態(tài)位的明顯分化,意味著與該地區(qū)地質(zhì),、氣候事件密切相關(guān),,區(qū)域生態(tài)因子分化促進(jìn)了物種分化,分化為兩個(gè)不同的物種,。而兩個(gè)譜系的居群在第四紀(jì)末次冰期發(fā)生了擴(kuò)張,,在間冰期發(fā)生了收縮,這和該地區(qū)之前研究結(jié)果“冰期收縮-間冰期擴(kuò)張”的結(jié)果相反,。以上結(jié)果意味著喜馬拉雅-橫斷山地區(qū)物種演化過程受到了該地區(qū)地質(zhì)和氣候事件的共同影響,,物種演化的過程可能比我們之前想象的復(fù)雜。
該研究得到了中國科學(xué)院重點(diǎn)研究項(xiàng)目(KSZD-EW-Z-011),、國家自然科學(xué)基金(30700042, 31200182),、科技部基礎(chǔ)工作專項(xiàng)(2012FY110800)和云南省中青年學(xué)術(shù)技術(shù)帶頭人后備人才項(xiàng)目(2008PY064)等項(xiàng)目的資助。(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推薦英文摘要:
New Phytologist DOI: 10.1111/nph.12336
Geological and ecological factors drive cryptic speciation of yews in a biodiversity hotspot
The interplay of orographic uplift and climatic changes in the Himalaya-Hengduan Mountains region (HHM) have had a key role in speciation and population demography. To gain further insight into these processes, we investigated their effects on Taxus wallichiana by combining molecular phylogeography and species distribution modeling.
Molecular data were obtained from 43 populations of T. wallichiana. Nineteen climatic variables were analyzed alongside genetic discontinuities. Species distribution modeling was carried out to predict potential past distribution ranges.
Two distinct lineages were identified, which diverged c. 4.2 (2.0–6.5) million years ago (Ma), a timescale that corresponds well with the recent uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and subsequent climatic changes of the region. Correlations with climatic variables also suggest that ecological factors may have further reinforced the separation of the two lineages. Both lineages experienced population expansion during the last glaciation.
The high genetic divergence, long-term isolation and ecological differentiation suggest a scenario of cryptic speciation in T. wallichiana associated with geological and climatic changes in the HHM. Our findings also challenge the notion of general population ‘contraction’ during the last glaciation in the HHM.