生物谷報(bào)道: 英國《自然》周刊5日刊登研究文章說,雌雄老鼠間行為差異并非由大腦結(jié)構(gòu)不同造成,而主要受雌鼠鼻部器官“犁鼻器”影響,。
美國科學(xué)家通過剔除雌性小鼠體內(nèi)的某個(gè)基因,使得它變得如雄性小鼠一樣渴望交配,。這與通常認(rèn)為的動物性行為主要是由性激素調(diào)節(jié)的觀點(diǎn)大相徑庭,,并且意味著雌性小鼠大腦與雄性小鼠的一樣具有調(diào)節(jié)性行為的環(huán)路。
哈佛大學(xué)的Catherine Dulac和同事應(yīng)用基因工程技術(shù)剔除了雌性小鼠體內(nèi)的TRPC2基因,,該基因?qū)π∈罄绫瞧鳎╲omeronasal organ)感應(yīng)生化信息素起著關(guān)鍵作用,,導(dǎo)致這些老鼠的“犁鼻器”發(fā)育不全。這一器官中含有能接收外激素的感受器細(xì)胞,,而外激素能引發(fā)陸生脊椎動物的攻擊性和性反應(yīng)等與性別有關(guān)的特征行為,。
令科學(xué)家詫異的是,雌鼠改變基因后行為有雄性化趨勢,。它們嗅尋,、追逐其他雌鼠,,扭動屁股,喜歡擠入雄鼠群,,還發(fā)出雄鼠求愛時(shí)的尖叫,。科學(xué)家說,,它們看起來就像是20世紀(jì)70年代迪斯科舞廳中的男子,。
不過,變異雌鼠行為并非完全“男性化”,。它們?nèi)砸源菩苑绞脚c雄鼠交配,,而且與普通雄鼠不同,它們不攻擊雄鼠,。
一旦這些變異雌鼠產(chǎn)下幼崽,,它們隨即又變得像“不負(fù)責(zé)任”的雄鼠。普通雌鼠產(chǎn)崽后一般花80%的時(shí)間留在窩中照顧幼鼠,,并拒絕與雄鼠親熱,。但變異雌鼠在幼鼠出生約2天后就會離開巢穴,拋棄所有幼鼠,,而且容易“另尋新歡”,。
“這些結(jié)果令人吃驚,”研究團(tuán)隊(duì)負(fù)責(zé)人,、美國哈佛大學(xué)分子和細(xì)胞生物學(xué)教授凱茜·迪拉克說,,“沒人想到這樣一個(gè)簡單的基因突變能讓雌鼠行為變得和雄鼠相似。”
為了驗(yàn)證是否TRPC2的缺失導(dǎo)致了這種情況,,研究人員將一群成年雌性小鼠的犁鼻器全部移除,。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),,同樣的現(xiàn)象再次發(fā)生這些雌鼠像變異雌鼠一樣,,變得行為異常。
法新社5日評論說,,許多專家?guī)资陙碓噲D以腦部結(jié)構(gòu)差異解釋兩性行為差別,,但迪拉克等人的發(fā)現(xiàn)揭示出,至少就老鼠而言,,雌雄兩性腦部結(jié)構(gòu)并無不同,。 迪拉克說,“從更廣意義上來說,,它表明,,雌性老鼠的腦部結(jié)構(gòu)完全能使其產(chǎn)生雄性行為”,只不過這種功能被“犁鼻器”所限制,。
密歇根州立大學(xué)的神經(jīng)學(xué)家Marc Breedlove說,,此次研究令人驚訝,,只有一點(diǎn)小小的改變,雄性行為就完全在雌性身上表現(xiàn)出來,。關(guān)于此次發(fā)現(xiàn)是否可以應(yīng)用于其它物種身上,,目前尚不清楚。
Dulac表示,,不同的物種會使用不同的感受策略去了解世界,。噬齒動物主要應(yīng)用生化信息素調(diào)節(jié)性行為,而靈長類動物及人類則更多地偏重于視覺特征,。針對老鼠的這一發(fā)現(xiàn)并不能直接套用在人類身上,,僅能開闊男女行為差別研究的思路,因?yàn)槿撕推渌呒夓`長類動物沒有“犁鼻器”,。
原始出處:
Hug it out.
Two female mice lacking VNOs get cozy.
Nature advance online publication 5 August 2007 | doi:10.1038/nature06089; Received 15 May 2007; Accepted 17 July 2007; Published online 5 August 2007
A functional circuit underlying male sexual behaviour in the female mouse brain
Tali Kimchi1, Jennings Xu1 & Catherine Dulac1
Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
Correspondence to: Tali Kimchi1Catherine Dulac1 Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to C.D. (Email: [email protected]) or T.K. (Email: [email protected]).
Abstract
In mice, pheromone detection is mediated by the vomeronasal organ and the main olfactory epithelium. Male mice that are deficient for Trpc2, an ion channel specifically expressed in VNO neurons and essential for VNO sensory transduction, are impaired in sex discrimination and male–male aggression. We report here that Trpc2-/- female mice show a reduction in female-specific behaviour, including maternal aggression and lactating behaviour. Strikingly, mutant females display unique characteristics of male sexual and courtship behaviours such as mounting, pelvic thrust, solicitation, anogenital olfactory investigation, and emission of complex ultrasonic vocalizations towards male and female conspecific mice. The same behavioural phenotype is observed after VNO surgical removal in adult animals, and is not accompanied by disruption of the oestrous cycle and sex hormone levels. These findings suggest that VNO-mediated pheromone inputs act in wild-type females to repress male behaviour and activate female behaviours. Moreover, they imply that functional neuronal circuits underlying male-specific behaviours exist in the normal female mouse brain.