生物谷報(bào)道：北京時(shí)間12月27日消息,，據(jù)澳大利亞廣播公司網(wǎng)站報(bào)道，新加坡的科學(xué)家近日稱,，他們的一項(xiàng)最新研究發(fā)現(xiàn)雄性獼猴們?yōu)榱双@得性愛,，同樣會(huì)在物質(zhì)或相關(guān)行為上向雌性獼猴們大獻(xiàn)殷勤,，這非常類似于人類社會(huì)的“付出補(bǔ)償”,，比如它們會(huì)用梳理毛發(fā),、除去污垢或者清除寄生蟲等手段取悅對(duì)方。
新加坡南洋理工大學(xué)心理學(xué)系教授邁克·古默特在12月份的愛思唯爾期刊《動(dòng)物行為》（Animal Behaviour）雜志上發(fā)表了他的這項(xiàng)最新研究成果,。邁克·古默特說(shuō)：“我發(fā)現(xiàn),，雄性獼猴在性交過程中為雌性獼猴梳理毛發(fā)的次數(shù)與雌性的供需比率有關(guān),。”換而言之，在周圍雌性猴子相對(duì)較少的情況下,，雄性猴子,，尤其是地位較低的一方,，必須為對(duì)方進(jìn)行毛發(fā)梳理以獲得更多的性交,。獼猴的毛發(fā)梳理方式包括用牙齒和雙手為對(duì)方從毛發(fā)中除去污垢,、纏結(jié)和寄生蟲。這種梳理毛發(fā)的行為常?？梢约て鸷镒?，尤其是雄性猴子的性欲，因而許多科學(xué)家們猜測(cè),，人類性活動(dòng)中的前戲就是由此進(jìn)化而來(lái)的,。為了與雌性猴子交配，雄巴巴利獼猴還會(huì)在求愛者面前不停地?cái)[動(dòng)自己的后腿及臀部,。然而這種挑逗行為并沒有結(jié)束,，一旦交配開始，雄巴巴利獼猴便開始嚎叫,，并變換身體的角度和速度用于配合雌猴的動(dòng)作,。
2003至2005年間，邁克·古默特對(duì)印度尼西亞丹戎普廷國(guó)家公園的長(zhǎng)尾獼猴進(jìn)行了大量的分析,，記載了243個(gè)雄性獼猴為雌性獼猴梳理毛發(fā)的時(shí)間段,，期間絕大多數(shù)的雄性都把目標(biāo)瞄準(zhǔn)愿意與其進(jìn)行交配的雌性。這種“性交前梳理毛發(fā)”的行為持續(xù)時(shí)間從幾秒到半小時(shí)或更長(zhǎng)不等,，持續(xù)時(shí)間常常與潛在的其它伴侶數(shù)量或者梳理者與被梳理者的地位狀況有關(guān),。古默特認(rèn)為：“等級(jí)并不能讓這種市場(chǎng)消失，只能令其失衡,。強(qiáng)勢(shì)的一方可以向弱勢(shì)一方索取更多卻付出更少,，這表明，這種公平交易理念的惡化似乎是靈長(zhǎng)類社會(huì)生活所固有的一個(gè)特點(diǎn),，在小到猴子性交,，大到人類政治學(xué)均有存在。”
由于雌性獼猴在同意交配前需要更多的關(guān)注,，因此雄性獼猴就不得不盡力與雌性“調(diào)情”,，通過面部表情或者別的方式,，如彎腰低頭，挑眉或者咂嘴,，接近雌性獼猴并取得她們的歡心,。這意味著,，等級(jí)高的雌性同樣可以扭曲這個(gè)體系,。古默特還發(fā)現(xiàn)，雌性獼猴有時(shí)也會(huì)為雄性獼猴梳理毛發(fā),，不過這種行為似乎與性無(wú)關(guān),。他表示，這可能是雌性獼猴在表明與某些雄性獼猴之間的關(guān)系,，從而保護(hù)其兒女免受家族中其它沒有這種特權(quán)的雄性的侵害,。在美國(guó)埃默里大學(xué)耶基斯靈長(zhǎng)目中心心理學(xué)家法蘭斯·華爾看來(lái)，這個(gè)最新研究“完成得非常好,，運(yùn)用生物市場(chǎng)概念解釋為性交而進(jìn)行毛發(fā)梳理的交換活動(dòng)”,。華爾補(bǔ)充說(shuō)：“眾所周知,，靈長(zhǎng)類雄性動(dòng)物會(huì)在與雌性交配前為其進(jìn)行毛發(fā)梳理，然而,，如果雌性沒有生育能力的話，他們就幾乎不會(huì)怎么為對(duì)方梳理毛發(fā),。”
邁克·古默特語(yǔ)帶幽默地表示,，在現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中，他自己也經(jīng)歷了類似的“公平交易”,，按照他的話來(lái)說(shuō)就是,，“我給我妻子娘家送了一些彩禮,，盡管我沒有收到任何他們的實(shí)物禮物,，但是我得到了我的妻子”,。（來(lái)源：新浪科技 劉妍）
生物谷推薦英文原文：
Animal Behaviour
Volume 74, Issue 6, December 2007, Pages 1655-1667
Payment for sex in a macaque mating market
Michael D. Gumert, a, b,
aDepartment of Biology, Hiram College, Hiram, OH, U.S.A.
bDepartment of Psychology, Hiram College, Hiram, OH, U.S.A.
Received 18 September 2006; revised 26 October 2006; accepted 13 March 2007. MS. number: A10560R. Available online 5 November 2007.
In primate sexual relationships, males and females can cooperate through social trade. Market-like trading of sexual activity has been theorized, but no data have yet been presented that clearly show its existence. I collected data to test whether biological market theory could account for exchanges of male-to-female grooming and sexual activity in longtailed macaques. I explored male-to-female grooming, rates of sexual activity, and grooming–mating interchanges, which were male-to-female grooming bouts that directly involved mating. Male-to-female grooming mainly occurred when females were sexually active, and males groomed females longer per bout when mating, inspection, or presentation of female hindquarters was involved. Moreover, male-to-female grooming was associated with an increase in female rates for all forms of sexual activity, where in contrast, female-to-male grooming was associated with decreased rates of mating in the groomed males. Males did not preferentially mate with swollen females or invest more grooming in them during grooming–mating interchanges, as swellings did not seem to be a reliable indicator of female fertility. Rank status was correlated with grooming payment during grooming–mating interchanges in favour of higher-ranked males and females. In support of a biological market interpretation, the amount of grooming a male performed on a female during grooming–mating interchanges was related to the current supply of females around the interaction. The results provided evidence of a grooming–mating trade that was influenced by a mating market.
Keywords: biological markets; grooming; interchange; Macaca fascicularis; macaque; mating; sex; social exchange
Correspondence and present address: M. D. Gumert, Division of Psychology, School of Humanities, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798.
