(圖片來源:Dawn Vaughn; (inset) Kevin Schafer/Corbis)
美國科學家近日發(fā)現(xiàn),,當有捕食者靠近時,,海膽幼蟲會一分為二,,從而因體形變小而免于被捕食者發(fā)現(xiàn),。研究人員表示,,這是克隆作為一種防御方式首次得到證明。研究結(jié)果發(fā)表在3月14日的《科學》(Science)雜志上,。
科學家早就知道,,成年海星能夠克隆,它們通過斷開自身的一部分進行繁殖,,完全避免弱小的幼蟲期,。5年前有研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn),其它一些棘皮類動物,,如海膽,、海參等,也具有這一策略,。如果溫度適宜,,食物充足,它們的幼蟲就會克隆自身,,創(chuàng)造出一大群新的全等雙生體,,從而利用有利的生長條件大量繁殖。
在最新的研究中,,美國華盛頓大學星期五港實驗室(Friday Harbor Laboratories)的海洋生態(tài)學家Dawn Vaughn和Richard Strathmann發(fā)現(xiàn),,海膽幼蟲在偵側(cè)到附近有捕食魚類存在時,也會克隆自身,。研究人員將海膽幼蟲放置在有魚黏液的實驗室里,24小時后發(fā)現(xiàn),,幼蟲已經(jīng)克隆了自身,。
研究人員認為,海膽幼蟲的這一行為很有意義,,因為不成熟的幼蟲已經(jīng)能夠被捕食魚類發(fā)現(xiàn),。當幼蟲克隆自身時,它們將身體尺寸二等分,,有效地避免了被捕食者發(fā)現(xiàn),。雖然克隆過程需要幾個小時,至今尚未在野外發(fā)現(xiàn),,但它卻可能是一種有效的策略,,因為海膽幼蟲一偵側(cè)到魚黏液立即就開始了分裂。
然而,,美國鮑登學院(Bowdoin College)海洋生物學家Jonathan Allen表示,,克隆也需要付出代價。更小的身體使得海膽幼蟲更易受其它一些敵人的攻擊,,比如一些難以吞食較大尺寸獵物的甲殼類,。他說:“博弈規(guī)則改變了,。”不過,他同時指出,,海膽傾向于粘在一起,,這樣大的海膽可以保護小的同伴。所以對年幼的海膽來說,,變小可能是最安全的策略了,。(科學網(wǎng) 梅進/編譯)
(《科學》(Science),Vol. 319. no. 5869, p. 1503,,Dawn Vaughn,,Richard R. Strathmann)
生物谷推薦原始出處:
Science 14 March 2008:
Vol. 319. no. 5869, p. 1503
DOI: 10.1126/science.1151995
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Brevia
Predators Induce Cloning in Echinoderm Larvae
Dawn Vaughn* and Richard R. Strathmann
Asexual propagation (cloning) is a widespread reproductive strategy of plants and animals. Although larval cloning is well documented in echinoderms, identified stimuli for cloning are limited to those associated with conditions favorable for growth and reproduction. Our research shows that larvae of the sand dollar Dendraster excentricus also clone in response to cues from predators. Predator-induced clones were smaller than uncloned larvae, suggesting an advantage against visual predators. Our results offer another ecological context for asexual reproduction: rapid size reduction as a defense.
Friday Harbor Laboratories, University of Washington, 620 University Road, Friday Harbor, WA 98250, USA.
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: [email protected]