近日,,美國(guó)加州和挪威相繼宣布同性婚姻合法,而科學(xué)家對(duì)同性戀的研究也取得了重要進(jìn)展。研究表明,,同性戀至少部分是遺傳的。雖然同性戀者生育的孩子數(shù)要遠(yuǎn)少于異性戀者,,但事實(shí)表明,,所謂的“同性戀基因”(gay genes)能在人群中幸存下去。新研究對(duì)此提出了一個(gè)令人感興趣的觀點(diǎn)——這些基因能夠增加女性的生育力,。研究論文6月18日發(fā)表在《公共科學(xué)圖書(shū)館.綜合》(PLoS ONE)上,。
雖然科學(xué)家至今尚未分離出任何與同性戀直接相關(guān)的基因,但是許多研究表明,,男同性戀在他們的母系要比在父系擁有更多的男同性戀親屬,。這使一些科學(xué)家猜測(cè),同性戀基因有可能存在于X染色體上,。
2004年,,意大利帕多瓦大學(xué)進(jìn)化心理學(xué)家Andrea Camperio Ciani領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的研究小組報(bào)告,和與異性戀男人有親戚關(guān)系的女人相比,,與同性戀男人有親戚關(guān)系的女人生育了更多的孩子,。差別相當(dāng)驚人——比如,,男同性戀的母親平均擁有2.7個(gè)孩子,而異性戀男人的母親平均只擁有2.3個(gè),。在姨媽(maternal aunts)身上也具有類似的趨勢(shì),。
在最新的研究中,Camperio Ciani和同事應(yīng)用數(shù)學(xué)模型來(lái)尋找可以解釋這種現(xiàn)象的理論,。研究人員考慮了20多種可能性,,比如同性戀基因的數(shù)量、這些基因產(chǎn)生的生殖優(yōu)勢(shì)有多大,、這些基因是位于X染色體還是其它常染色體,。
結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),能夠最佳解釋上述數(shù)據(jù)的模型包含2個(gè)同性戀基因,,其中至少有一個(gè)位于X染色體上,。這些基因增加了女性的生育力,同時(shí)卻降低了男性的生育力,,這種現(xiàn)象曾在昆蟲(chóng)和哺乳動(dòng)物中研究過(guò),,稱為“性別對(duì)抗”(sexual antagonism)。
研究小組表示,,這些同性戀基因?qū)嶋H增加的可能是男人和女人對(duì)男人的吸引力,,而不是如之前研究人員認(rèn)為的會(huì)使同性戀男人更陰柔。這些基因?qū)δ行陨?lái)說(shuō)不是好事,,但它們有益于女性生育,,從而能夠以雖然低下卻穩(wěn)定的比率在人群中存在下去。
美國(guó)國(guó)立癌癥研究所的行為遺傳學(xué)家,、同性戀基因?qū)ふ蚁蠕hDean Hamer認(rèn)為,,這一研究是“一個(gè)精致的數(shù)學(xué)分析。”他表示,,此次研究已經(jīng)提出了一種解決由同性戀造成的達(dá)爾文矛盾(Darwinian paradox)的簡(jiǎn)單方法,。他說(shuō):“男人體內(nèi)的‘同性戀基因’就是女人體內(nèi)的‘超級(jí)異性戀基因’”。(科學(xué)網(wǎng) 梅進(jìn)/編譯)
生物谷推薦原始出處:
Sexually Antagonistic Selection in Human Male Homosexuality
Andrea Camperio Ciani1*, Paolo Cermelli2, Giovanni Zanzotto3
1 Dipartimento di Psicologia Generale, Università di Padova, Padova, Italy2 Dipartimento di Matematica, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy3 Dipartimento di Metodi e Modelli Matematici per le Scienze Applicate, Università di Padova, Padova, Italy
Abstract
Several lines of evidence indicate the existence of genetic factors influencing male homosexuality and bisexuality. In spite of its relatively low frequency, the stable permanence in all human populations of this apparently detrimental trait constitutes a puzzling ‘Darwinian paradox’. Furthermore, several studies have pointed out relevant asymmetries in the distribution of both male homosexuality and of female fecundity in the parental lines of homosexual vs. heterosexual males. A number of hypotheses have attempted to give an evolutionary explanation for the long-standing persistence of this trait, and for its asymmetric distribution in family lines; however a satisfactory understanding of the population genetics of male homosexuality is lacking at present. We perform a systematic mathematical analysis of the propagation and equilibrium of the putative genetic factors for male homosexuality in the population, based on the selection equation for one or two diallelic loci and Bayesian statistics for pedigree investigation. We show that only the two-locus genetic model with at least one locus on the X chromosome, and in which gene expression is sexually antagonistic (increasing female fitness but decreasing male fitness), accounts for all known empirical data. Our results help clarify the basic evolutionary dynamics of male homosexuality, establishing this as a clearly ascertained sexually antagonistic human trait.