生物谷報道:英國心理學(xué)家在烏干達(dá)西部森林對黑猩猩進(jìn)行為期10個月的調(diào)查,,首次發(fā)現(xiàn)了黑猩猩交配時玩狡詐策略:當(dāng)沒有其它母黑猩猩在周圍時,交配中的雌性會大力發(fā)聲以吸引潛在的雄性與其交配,;但當(dāng)有其它母黑猩猩在周圍時,,她們就會保持沉默,以避免讓其對手知曉,。
這是科學(xué)家在布頓哥(Budongo)森林對78只黑猩猩組成的一個群體進(jìn)行觀察時發(fā)現(xiàn)的,。在此群體中,只有8只黑猩猩是成年雄性,。他們發(fā)現(xiàn)黑猩猩在交配時的叫聲有很大差別,,這是人們之前從來沒有看到的模式。音頻記錄表明,,如果有其它職位高的雄性在周圍,,雌性在交配時會叫得更加大聲。但當(dāng)附近有一只好斗的雌黑猩猩時,,她們的叫聲明顯低落了,。此發(fā)現(xiàn)表明黑猩猩能利用其叫聲用于比先前想象的更為復(fù)雜的社交當(dāng)中。
負(fù)責(zé)此項研究的英國圣安德魯斯大學(xué)心理學(xué)家西蒙·唐恩森德表示,,此群體中25只母黑猩猩顯然已經(jīng)具有這種狡詐的策略,。此策略要么促進(jìn)其生育的成功,,要么減少對其新生兒的威脅,。黑猩猩面臨的最大威脅之一是年紀(jì)更大的雄性殺害剛出生的小黑猩猩。此外,,雌黑猩猩也會殺害其它黑猩猩的小寶寶,。如果它們認(rèn)為小黑猩猩可以當(dāng)食物或成為其潛在的交配對手的話,雌黑猩猩就會不擇手段地干掉這些小黑猩猩,。
唐恩森德小組發(fā)現(xiàn)當(dāng)母黑猩猩與此群體中職位最高的雄性交配時,,她們最能叫。唐恩森德說:“她們叫得更厲害,,就會向此地區(qū)的其它品質(zhì)好的雄性做更好的廣告,,說明她們生育力強(qiáng),可以接受交配,。這可以增加她們與這些黑猩猩交配的機(jī)會,,從而混淆其后代的父系關(guān)系。”如果雄性懷疑自己是一只新生黑猩猩的爸爸,,它更加有可能地保護(hù)這位媽媽和孩子,。
此研究成果發(fā)表在6月18日出版的《公共科學(xué)圖書館 綜合》(PLoS ONE)上,。研究人員表示,它們得權(quán)衡利害關(guān)系,,當(dāng)高級別的雌性黑猩猩在周圍時,,雌性黑猩猩交配時會保持沉默,以確保她們不知道她和一只好品質(zhì)的雄性交配,,從而避免其它雌性前來攻擊她們,,并阻止她們交配。
在野外,,雌黑猩猩之間的競爭很危險,。唐恩森德說:“我們發(fā)現(xiàn)一個重大事實,這些雌性用她們的交配聲當(dāng)高級策略,,讓這種競爭危險減到最小,。”
其實有關(guān)雌黑猩猩交配聲的功能爭論了多年,一種假設(shè)認(rèn)為,,此叫聲讓雌性向潛在的雄性廣告其性接納情況,,使群體中的雄性產(chǎn)生競爭。通過彼此較量,,雌性最終與最強(qiáng)壯的雄性成功交配,,生下品質(zhì)最好的后代。顯然,,唐恩森德小組的發(fā)現(xiàn)沒有為此雄性競爭提供任何依據(jù),。唐恩森德說:“我們在野外觀察的雌黑猩猩似乎更喜歡與不同的雄性交配,而不是讓雄性之間相互爭斗,。” (生物谷www.bioon.com)
生物谷推薦原始出處:
PLoS ONE,,doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002431,Simon W. Townsend,,Klaus Zuberbühler
Female Chimpanzees Use Copulation Calls Flexibly to Prevent Social Competition
Simon W. Townsend1,2, Tobias Deschner3, Klaus Zuberbühler1,2*
1 School of Psychology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Scotland, United Kingdom2 Budongo Conservation Field Station, Masindi, Uganda3 Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
Abstract
The adaptive function of copulation calls in female primates has been debated for years. One influential idea is that copulation calls are a sexually selected trait, which enables females to advertise their receptive state to males. Male-male competition ensues and females benefit by getting better mating partners and higher quality offspring. We analysed the copulation calling behaviour of wild female chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) at Budongo Forest, Uganda, but found no support for the male-male competition hypothesis. Hormone analysis showed that the calling behaviour of copulating females was unrelated to their fertile period and likelihood of conception. Instead, females called significantly more while with high-ranking males, but suppressed their calls if high-ranking females were nearby. Copulation calling may therefore be one potential strategy employed by female chimpanzees to advertise receptivity to high-ranked males, confuse paternity and secure future support from these socially important individuals. Competition between females can be dangerously high in wild chimpanzees, and our results indicate that females use their copulation calls strategically to minimise the risks associated with such competition.