來自瑞典Linderod的黑點品種仔豬,,MC1R基因通過連續(xù)兩次變異,生成了黑色斑點,。
為什么我們常常能看到家豬的皮毛上會有奇怪的斑點和各種顏色,,而野豬卻很少出現(xiàn)這樣的情況?據近日國外研究表示,,家畜皮毛出現(xiàn)怪異顏色和花紋,,這之中免不了人類的“功勞”,很早以前的農民有可能為了娛樂和滿足自己的好奇心,,人為改變了家畜的遺傳基因,。
研究人員表示,早在幾千年前,,人類就曾經人為促使動物基因突變,以“制造”出擁有不尋常顏色,、花紋和斑點的動物,。
這項研究將野豬和家豬進行了對比,而其研究的結論同樣可以解釋包括牛和狗等家養(yǎng)動物的皮毛出現(xiàn)色斑的原因,,以及已經持續(xù)了幾千年之久的演變過程,。
科學家稱,,早在幾千年前,農民們就已經學會了選育毛皮上出現(xiàn)與眾不同圖案家畜的技巧,。選育過程中的各種改變會對黑素皮質素受體1 (MC1R )——一種可以控制動物毛表顏色的基因——帶來很大的影響,。
而早期農民們所做的這種選育試驗成果可以在我們現(xiàn)在的動物身上清楚的看到——現(xiàn)在的家畜毛表有著與它們膚色均勻的野生祖先們明顯不同的斑點、條紋和顏色,。
近日,,一項關于歐洲和亞洲野豬家豬對比研究的報告在《PLoS遺傳學》在線雜志上發(fā)表,這份研究報告向人們展示了家豬的遺傳基因改造在幾千年來是如何進行的,。
科學家表示,,人為改變家畜毛表顏色的一個可能原因在于有意改變動物原有的偽裝保護色,這樣便于農民一眼就能看到自己的家畜,。
另一種可能的原因是,,農民們?yōu)榱送ㄟ^改變家畜毛色和圖案來給它們作“標記”,使其與它們的祖先和野生同類區(qū)別開來,。當然,,農民們這么做也有可能只是為了好玩和滿足一下好奇心。
來自達拉謨大學的科學家格雷格·拉瑞森博士稱:“第三種可能是,,類似當今人類所為,,早期的農民為了自娛或是增加生物的新穎性和多樣性而人為培育出不同花色皮毛的家畜。”
研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn),,其實野豬和家豬出現(xiàn)DNA突變都是很常見的現(xiàn)象,。不同的是,在野豬的DNA突變過程中MC1R基因并沒有改變,,即使是DNA突變,,它們仍然保留了原有的高偽裝度黑棕色“制服”。因為如果毛皮顏色改變,,會令野豬更容易被捕食者發(fā)現(xiàn),,受到攻擊的幾率大大增加。所以,,即使有MC1R基因發(fā)生改變的野豬,,也很快就被捕食者“消滅”了。
形成明顯對比的是,,科學家在研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),,在接受觀測的DNA突變家豬中幾乎所有對象的MC1R基因都發(fā)生了變化。
而在一些家豬身上甚至能發(fā)現(xiàn)MC1R基因三個層次的變化,,這也表明了最初的改變已經存在了很長的時間,。
這項研究的結果這也成為了證明幾千年來農民對家畜進行了積極而永久性的基因突變“促進工作”,以導致家畜的毛表出現(xiàn)各種顏色改變,。
拉瑞森博士表示:“資料顯示,,早在5千年前,,美索不達米亞就出現(xiàn)了不同顏色的家畜,而我們的研究結果表明在那之前就已經出現(xiàn)了黑白斑點的寵物和家畜,。從某種意義上說,,這些讓家畜身著‘花衣’的早期農民們和熱衷于給愛犬染毛扮靚的現(xiàn)代人沒多大區(qū)別。而這項研究結果也表明,,早在數(shù)千年前,,人類就已經對創(chuàng)造新奇事物充滿了熱情。”(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推薦原始出處:
PLoS Genet 5(1): e1000341. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000341
Contrasting Mode of Evolution at a Coat Color Locus in Wild and Domestic Pigs
Meiying Fang1,2, Greger Larson3, Helena Soares Ribeiro1, Ning Li4, Leif Andersson1,3
1 Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden, 2 College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China, 3 Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, 4 State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
Despite having only begun ~10,000 years ago, the process of domestication has resulted in a degree of phenotypic variation within individual species normally associated with much deeper evolutionary time scales. Though many variable traits found in domestic animals are the result of relatively recent human-mediated selection, uncertainty remains as to whether the modern ubiquity of long-standing variable traits such as coat color results from selection or drift, and whether the underlying alleles were present in the wild ancestor or appeared after domestication began. Here, through an investigation of sequence diversity at the porcine melanocortin receptor 1 (MC1R) locus, we provide evidence that wild and domestic pig (Sus scrofa) haplotypes from China and Europe are the result of strikingly different selection pressures, and that coat color variation is the result of intentional selection for alleles that appeared after the advent of domestication. Asian and European wild boar (evolutionarily distinct subspecies) differed only by synonymous substitutions, demonstrating that camouflage coat color is maintained by purifying selection. In domestic pigs, however, each of nine unique mutations altered the amino acid sequence thus generating coat color diversity. Most domestic MC1R alleles differed by more than one mutation from the wild-type, implying a long history of strong positive selection for coat color variants, during which time humans have cherry-picked rare mutations that would be quickly eliminated in wild contexts. This pattern demonstrates that coat color phenotypes result from direct human selection and not via a simple relaxation of natural selective pressures.