一項新的研究提示,,在自閉癥患者中常??吹降恼Z言和認知困難可能有部分是由腦額葉中的過度連接造成的,,該研究指出,一個叫做CNTNAP2的基因與腦前部神經(jīng)元之間的連接有關(guān),。
如果攜帶不同版本的CNTNAP2基因總被發(fā)現(xiàn)是語言困難的一個預測因子的話,,那么該發(fā)現(xiàn)可能會幫助研究人員設(shè)計特定的治療計劃,以協(xié)助腦子在早期就朝著一個較為正常的發(fā)育道路方向發(fā)展,。 研究人員甚至有可能可以通過檢測病人在治療前后的神經(jīng)元的聯(lián)通性,,來檢查并觀察特異性的治療是否真的改變了腦功能。 重要的是要注意到,,在本研究中所發(fā)現(xiàn)的額葉聯(lián)通性的模式是正?;蜃儺愖V的一部分。 因此,,僅僅攜帶該風險基因并不足以被診斷患有自閉癥或智力喪失,。 自閉癥和其它復雜的神經(jīng)發(fā)育性疾病可能是由許多基因的組合所引起的,所以,,盡管這一特別的危險版本的CNTNAP2基因會指示腦子形成更多的額葉聯(lián)系,,但要引起整個的病癥需要有許多其他基因的參與。
Ashley Scott-Van Zealand及其同事通過對一組兒童的腦部進行掃描而查明了因2種變異體的CNTNAP2基因所引起的腦中聯(lián)通性和功能上的差別,,其中一種變異體會帶來自閉癥的風險,。 CNTNAP2是在發(fā)育時在腦的額葉和顳葉中正常表達的基因,額葉和顳葉是人們已知的參與語言和學習的區(qū)域,。 對攜帶風險基因的兒童的腦掃描披露了一個脫節(jié)的腦子,,這意味著這些腦子中的額葉與腦子的其它部位沒有發(fā)生恰當?shù)倪B接,并在額葉之中有著過度的連接,。 結(jié)果,,額葉“自我交談”的程度多于和腦部其它區(qū)域之間的交談,,并且額葉缺乏其與腦后部的較長距離的連接,。 該研究團隊發(fā)現(xiàn),這一額葉腦聯(lián)通性增加的模式與CNTNAP2基因的DNA序列差異有聯(lián)系,。 另外一個與這一基因有關(guān)的有趣發(fā)現(xiàn)是其在左腦和右腦之間的聯(lián)通性上的差異,,這種差異取決于試驗參與者所攜帶的CNTNAP2基因版本。 左側(cè)腦常常與說話和理解等語言功能有關(guān),。 在攜帶非風險版本CNTNAP2基因的孩子中,,Scott-Van Zealand及其同事發(fā)現(xiàn),額葉腦區(qū)會優(yōu)先與左側(cè)腦子連接,;而在那些攜帶有風險版本CNTNAP2基因的孩子中,,額葉與右側(cè)和左側(cè)腦子都有連接。(生物谷Bioon.com)
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生物谷推薦英文摘要:
Sci Transl Med 3 November 2010:
Vol. 2, Issue 56, p. 56ra80
DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3001344
Altered Functional Connectivity in Frontal Lobe Circuits Is Associated with Variation in the Autism Risk Gene CNTNAP2
Ashley A. Scott-Van Zeeland1,2,3, Brett S. Abrahams4,*, Ana I. Alvarez-Retuerto4,5, Lisa I. Sonnenblick4, Jeffrey D. Rudie2, Dara Ghahremani6, Jeanette A. Mumford7, Russell A. Poldrack7, Mirella Dapretto5,6,8, Daniel H. Geschwind4,5,?? and Susan Y. Bookheimer1,5,6,7,??
1Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
2Neuroscience Interdepartmental Program, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
3Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
4Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
5Center for Autism Research and Treatment, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
6Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
7Department of Psychology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
8Ahmanson-Lovelace Brain Mapping Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
Genetic studies are rapidly identifying variants that shape risk for disorders of human cognition, but the question of how such variants predispose to neuropsychiatric disease remains. Noninvasive human brain imaging allows assessment of the brain in vivo, and the combination of genetics and imaging phenotypes remains one of the only ways to explore functional genotype-phenotype associations in human brain. Common variants in contactin-associated protein-like 2 (CNTNAP2), a neurexin superfamily member, have been associated with several allied neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism and specific language impairment, and CNTNAP2 is highly expressed in frontal lobe circuits in the developing human brain. Using functional neuroimaging, we have demonstrated a relationship between frontal lobar connectivity and common genetic variants in CNTNAP2. These data provide a mechanistic link between specific genetic risk for neurodevelopmental disorders and empirical data implicating dysfunction of long-range connections within the frontal lobe in autism. The convergence between genetic findings and cognitive-behavioral models of autism provides evidence that genetic variation at CNTNAP2 predisposes to diseases such as autism in part through modulation of frontal lobe connectivity.