日前,,醫(yī)學(xué)專家稱,,一具3500多年前的古埃及公主木乃伊是已知最古老的心臟病患者,如果她生前有效地減少卡路里,,并進(jìn)行更多的體能鍛煉,,那么她將推遲木乃伊處理時(shí)間表。
她的名字是雅赫摩斯-梅爾耶特-艾蒙(Ahmose Meryet Amon),,生活在3500年前,,死亡時(shí)年僅40多歲。她埋葬在盧克索城對(duì)面的尼羅河西岸德爾巴赫里皇室神殿中,。目前,,這位古埃及公主的木乃伊尸體陳列在開羅埃及博物館內(nèi)。
近期,,科學(xué)家對(duì)52具埃及博物館內(nèi)的木乃伊尸體進(jìn)行掃描,,發(fā)現(xiàn)其中過半的木乃伊尸體出現(xiàn)動(dòng)脈阻塞,其中也包括這位公主,。事實(shí)上,,她是迄今為止發(fā)現(xiàn)最早的冠狀動(dòng)脈硬化心臟病患者,該癥狀導(dǎo)致動(dòng)脈斑塊沉積,,可致使心臟病發(fā)作或者中風(fēng),。
雅赫摩斯公主在世時(shí)曾享有“月亮之女”、“受到愛戴的阿蒙神”之稱,,美國(guó)加州大學(xué)心臟病學(xué)教授喬治-托馬斯(Gregory Thomas)是該項(xiàng)研究報(bào)告的合著作者之一,他說:“研究發(fā)現(xiàn)她身體的5個(gè)主動(dòng)脈存在著阻塞現(xiàn)象,,其中包括供給大腦和心臟的動(dòng)脈,。如果時(shí)光能夠倒流,當(dāng)我遇到這位早逝的埃及公主,,我會(huì)告誡她減去身體的脂肪,,從事大量的體能鍛煉,再安排進(jìn)行心臟手術(shù),,可能她需要兩個(gè)心臟旁通管,。”
埃及公主生活在“面包和蜂蜜”的時(shí)代
在尸體埋葬之前的木乃伊處理中,,公主的心臟已被移除,CT掃描顯示她的身體其它處存在著鈣質(zhì)沉積,,這表明她生前出現(xiàn)動(dòng)脈損傷,。但研究小組并不能完全確定患有心臟病的任何木乃伊尸體,這是因?yàn)槎鄶?shù)木乃伊尸體器官不是分解,,便是消失不見,。
然而,醫(yī)學(xué)文字記錄可追溯至這位公主生活的公元前1550年至公元前1580年前,,當(dāng)時(shí)雅赫摩斯公主在致命心臟病發(fā)作前出現(xiàn)了手臂和胸腔疼痛,。美國(guó)加州大學(xué)圣地亞哥醫(yī)學(xué)院的邁克爾-米亞莫托(Michael Miyamoto)也是該項(xiàng)研究的合著作者之一,他指出,,通常情況下,,動(dòng)脈阻塞和心臟病發(fā)作是現(xiàn)代人由于生活方式和飲食不當(dāng)引起的健康危機(jī),并未出現(xiàn)在遠(yuǎn)古埃及,,當(dāng)時(shí)的埃及人生活方式與現(xiàn)代人不同,,缺少吸煙、肥胖和糖尿病高發(fā)率,、食用富含高熱量食物等現(xiàn)代人生活方式,。
但是雅赫摩斯公主作為塞格嫩拉-泰奧二世法老的女兒,是古埃及王室的主要成員之一,,這意味著她患有心臟病的概率要大于其它人群,。米亞莫托說:“由于她是埃及王室中地位顯赫的人物,她日常生活中可能飲食過度,,并且久坐,,同時(shí)她當(dāng)時(shí)食用的食物主要是富含卡路里的肉食。”
埃及愛資哈爾大學(xué)心臟病學(xué)專家阿德爾-阿拉姆(Adel Allam)也是該項(xiàng)研究合著作者之一,,他強(qiáng)調(diào)稱,,雅赫摩斯公主生活在埃及歷史上最繁榮昌盛的時(shí)期。甚至當(dāng)時(shí)最窮的居民都吃大量的豬肉,,面包里夾著蜂蜜,。
古埃及王室成員的動(dòng)脈疾病是否具有遺傳性?
阿拉姆強(qiáng)調(diào)稱,,或者高熱量飲食習(xí)慣是導(dǎo)致古埃及成員出現(xiàn)動(dòng)脈疾病的影響因素,,此前研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)一些古埃及人患有糖尿病,這種疾病狀況曾與身體肥胖相關(guān),。同時(shí),,埃及紙莎草紙記錄了古埃及內(nèi)科醫(yī)生提及的糖尿病癥狀。
然而,,雖然身體肥胖的跡象無法保存于木乃伊尸體,,事實(shí)上依據(jù)木乃伊體型,,雅赫摩斯公主身材嬌小。事實(shí)上,,研究人員猜測(cè)除飲食和生活方式之外還有其它影響雅赫摩斯公主血管疾病的因素,。例如:在古埃及王室家族中有一些皇后和公主都患有動(dòng)脈硬化,基因遺傳的可能性不可排除在外,。
目前這項(xiàng)最新研究顯示,,基因遺傳可能更易使古埃及王室成員患有動(dòng)脈硬化,這些木乃伊可能掌握著其它基因因素的重要線索,。另一種可能是動(dòng)脈硬化是由于某人免疫系統(tǒng)受感染侵襲出現(xiàn)慢性炎癥導(dǎo)致的,,這也可導(dǎo)致血管壁發(fā)炎。
阿拉姆強(qiáng)調(diào),,雅赫摩斯公主患有關(guān)節(jié)炎和骨關(guān)節(jié)炎癥,,同時(shí),她還患有嚴(yán)重的牙齒病,,這是另一個(gè)炎癥區(qū),。目前,美國(guó)和埃及國(guó)際研究小組正在對(duì)72具木乃伊尸體進(jìn)行深入調(diào)查分析,,試圖尋找其中的基因關(guān)聯(lián)性,,包括關(guān)節(jié)炎和癌癥等其它健康問題的證據(jù),以及他們身體骨骼的活動(dòng)性,。
這支研究小組將近期考古研究發(fā)現(xiàn)發(fā)表在4月刊《美國(guó)心臟病學(xué)院:心血管成像》雜志上,。(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推薦原文出處:
J Am Coll Cardiol Img, 2011; 4:315-327, doi:10.1016/j.jcmg.2011.02.002 (Published online 3 April 2011).
Atherosclerosis in Ancient Egyptian Mummies
The Horus Study
Adel H. Allam, MD*, Randall C. Thompson, MD,, L. Samuel Wann, MD, Michael I. Miyamoto, MD, MS||,?, Abd el-Halim Nur el-Din, PhD#,**, Gomaa Abd el-Maksoud, PhD#, Muhammad Al-Tohamy Soliman, PhD, Ibrahem Badr, PhD, Hany Abd el-Rahman Amer, PhD, M. Linda Sutherland, MD, James D. Sutherland, MD, MS||||, Gregory S. Thomas, MD, MPH||,??,*
Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine whether ancient Egyptians had atherosclerosis.
Background: The worldwide burden of atherosclerotic disease continues to rise and parallels the spread of diet, lifestyles, and environmental risk factors associated with the developed world. It is tempting to conclude that atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is exclusively a disease of modern society and did not affect our ancient ancestors.
Methods: We performed whole body, multislice computed tomography scanning on 52 ancient Egyptian mummies from the Middle Kingdom to the Greco-Roman period to identify cardiovascular structures and arterial calcifications. We interpreted images by consensus reading of 7 imaging physicians, and collected demographic data from historical and museum records. We estimated age at the time of death from the computed tomography skeletal evaluation.
Results: Forty-four of 52 mummies had identifiable cardiovascular (CV) structures, and 20 of these had either definite atherosclerosis (defined as calcification within the wall of an identifiable artery, n = 12) or probable atherosclerosis (defined as calcifications along the expected course of an artery, n = 8). Calcifications were found in the aorta as well as the coronary, carotid, iliac, femoral, and peripheral leg arteries. The 20 mummies with definite or probable atherosclerosis were older at time of death (mean age 45.1 ± 9.2 years) than the mummies with CV tissue but no atherosclerosis (mean age 34.5 ± 11.8 years, p < 0.002). Two mummies had evidence of severe arterial atherosclerosis with calcifications in virtually every arterial bed. Definite coronary atherosclerosis was present in 2 mummies, including a princess who lived between 1550 and 1580 BCE. This finding represents the earliest documentation of coronary atherosclerosis in a human. Definite or probable atherosclerosis was present in mummies who lived during virtually every era of ancient Egypt represented in this study, a time span of >2,000 years.
Conclusions: Atherosclerosis is commonplace in mummified ancient Egyptians.
Key Words: arterial calcifications ? atherosclerosis ? computed tomography scan ? coronary artery disease ? coronary calcification ? mummies