來(lái)自日本的科學(xué)家們利用重編程小鼠干細(xì)胞生成了皮膚和骨髓,并將它們移植到基因相同的小鼠體內(nèi),,證實(shí)不會(huì)引發(fā)強(qiáng)烈的免疫反應(yīng),。
這些發(fā)表在1月9日《自然》(Nature)雜志上的研究結(jié)果,,應(yīng)該可以讓那些指望利用誘導(dǎo)多能干細(xì)胞(iPSCs)來(lái)治療疾病的研究人員消除疑慮,。2011年,同樣發(fā)表在Nature雜志上的一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn):iPSCs可能會(huì)遭受免疫系統(tǒng)排斥,,即便是將細(xì)胞注入供體自身體內(nèi)時(shí),。免疫反應(yīng)有可能會(huì)破壞移植物,導(dǎo)致治療無(wú)效,。這使得人們對(duì)于iPSCs實(shí)驗(yàn)性治療的前景產(chǎn)生了質(zhì)疑,。
兩項(xiàng)相互矛盾的研究之間存在的技術(shù)差異,使得人們很難估計(jì)iPSCs是否真的可以避免免疫攻擊,。但加州大學(xué)戴維斯分校的細(xì)胞生物學(xué)家Paul Knoepfler(未參與兩項(xiàng)研究)認(rèn)為,,新研究結(jié)果是“非常令人鼓舞的。它們強(qiáng)有力地表明,,未來(lái)將人類(lèi)iPSC治療回輸給同一患者,,或許不會(huì)引發(fā)臨床顯著的免疫反應(yīng)。”
2006年,,來(lái)自日本京都大學(xué)和Gladstone研究所的山中伸彌(Shinya Yamanaka)首次生成了iPSCs,,因這一成果他獲得了2012年的諾貝爾醫(yī)學(xué)獎(jiǎng)。利用他的技術(shù),,可以將成體細(xì)胞逆轉(zhuǎn)至干細(xì)胞樣狀態(tài),,為培育定制組織提供了一種有前景的方法,且避開(kāi)了獲取人類(lèi)胚胎干細(xì)胞(ESCs)的倫理學(xué)難題,。由于iPSCs來(lái)自患者自身組織,,將它們移植回相同個(gè)體,應(yīng)該有可能不會(huì)引發(fā)免疫反應(yīng),。
然而在2011年,,來(lái)自加州大學(xué)圣地亞哥分校的徐洋(Yang Xu)教授卻駁斥了這一假設(shè)。他的研究小組利用一種小鼠皮膚細(xì)胞生成了iPSCs,,將其移植到基因相同的小鼠體內(nèi),。以這種方式移植的ESCs形成了畸胎瘤,證實(shí)其確實(shí)具有多能性,。但徐洋的iPSCs卻無(wú)法形成畸胎瘤,,因?yàn)樗鼈兪艿搅诵∈蟀准?xì)胞的攻擊,遭到了排斥,。
這一研究引起了人們對(duì)于iPSCs醫(yī)學(xué)應(yīng)用的擔(dān)憂(yōu),,但來(lái)自日本國(guó)立放射學(xué)研究所的Masumi Abe則對(duì)此不太相信,。首先,他的研究小組用更多的iPSCs和ESCs細(xì)胞系重復(fù)了相同的實(shí)驗(yàn),,證實(shí)當(dāng)移植到基因相同的小鼠體內(nèi)時(shí),,兩者同樣能夠形成畸胎瘤,,并沒(méi)有免疫排斥跡象,。
Abe還認(rèn)為,將焦點(diǎn)放在畸胎瘤上是一種完全錯(cuò)誤的做法,。“鑒于畸胎瘤是一類(lèi)腫瘤,,它們會(huì)引發(fā)免疫反應(yīng),這并不令人感到驚訝,,”他說(shuō),。并且它們也與臨床無(wú)關(guān)。在臨床應(yīng)用中,,移植前iPSCs 會(huì)首先被轉(zhuǎn)化成其他的細(xì)胞類(lèi)型,。Abe認(rèn)為評(píng)估那些分化細(xì)胞更為重要。
他的研究小組將iPSCs或ESCs與小鼠胚胎相融合,,隨后小鼠胚胎發(fā)育形成了包含各種細(xì)胞類(lèi)型的嵌合子小鼠,。然后,它們將來(lái)自這些動(dòng)物的皮膚移植到基因相同的小鼠身上,。來(lái)自?xún)山M的移植物在2個(gè)月后仍然如前,,表明iPSCs和ESCs一樣,觸發(fā)的免疫反應(yīng)極其微小,。
骨髓移植物顯示出同樣的情形,。不論是來(lái)自iPSCs或是ESCs,它們同樣能很好地存活,,讓遭受致命輻射的小鼠的骨髓獲得重建,。
研究結(jié)果是令人充滿(mǎn)希望的,但Abe生成嵌合子小鼠的技術(shù),,以及將它們作為供體的做法,,遭到了其他研究人員的質(zhì)疑。徐洋說(shuō)這種方法是“有缺陷的”——早在將iPSCs移植到其他小鼠體內(nèi)之前,,嵌合子小鼠的免疫系統(tǒng)就已經(jīng)對(duì)來(lái)源于iPSCs的問(wèn)題細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生了排斥或耐受,。這或許可以解釋為何這些移植會(huì)如此成功,而在臨床上這卻并非是一種可行的方法,。與之相反,,人類(lèi)的iPSCs是在實(shí)驗(yàn)室培養(yǎng)物中分化為更特化的細(xì)胞得。
Knoepfler認(rèn)為:“這一區(qū)別非常重要,,因?yàn)檫@些細(xì)胞有可能是因?yàn)樵趯?shí)驗(yàn)室中培養(yǎng)而具有較高的內(nèi)在免疫原性,。”
牛津大學(xué)干細(xì)胞研究所聯(lián)合主任Paul Fairchild認(rèn)為,,這一差異或可解釋Abe和徐洋兩者研究相互矛盾的結(jié)果。徐洋研究組認(rèn)為,,成體細(xì)胞去分化為iPSCs促進(jìn)了兩種基因Zg16和Hormad1表達(dá),,它們是免疫系統(tǒng)的靶標(biāo)。但在Abe的嵌合小鼠中,,研究小組未發(fā)現(xiàn)這種增高現(xiàn)象,。
“通過(guò)生成iPSC源性小鼠,Abe研究小組可能無(wú)意地繞開(kāi)了這一免疫排斥問(wèn)題,,因?yàn)橄啾润w外認(rèn)為條件下進(jìn)行分化,,在正常小鼠發(fā)育過(guò)程中更有可能適當(dāng)發(fā)生這些基因沉默,” Fairchild說(shuō),。由于人類(lèi)iPSCs必須是在人為條件下轉(zhuǎn)化為其他細(xì)胞,,他補(bǔ)充說(shuō):“我認(rèn)為,iPSC分化產(chǎn)物是否將會(huì)有免疫原性,,其爭(zhēng)議還將持續(xù),。”(生物谷Bioon.com)
doi:10.1038/nature11807
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PMID:
Negligible immunogenicity of terminally differentiated cells derived from induced pluripotent or embryonic stem cells
Ryoko Araki, Masahiro Uda, Yuko Hoki, Misato Sunayama, Miki Nakamura, Shunsuke Ando,Mayumi Sugiura, Hisashi Ideno, Akemi Shimada, Akira Nifuji & Masumi Abe
The advantages of using induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) instead of embryonic stem (ES) cells in regenerative medicine centre around circumventing concerns about the ethics of using ES cells and the likelihood of immune rejection of ES-cell-derived tissues1, 2. However, partial reprogramming and genetic instabilities in iPSCs3, 4, 5, 6 could elicit immune responses in transplant recipients even when iPSC-derived differentiated cells are transplanted. iPSCs are first differentiated into specific types of cells in vitro for subsequent transplantation. Although model transplantation experiments have been conducted using various iPSC-derived differentiated tissues7, 8, 9, 10 and immune rejections have not been observed, careful investigation of the immunogenicity of iPSC-derived tissue is becoming increasingly critical, especially as this has not been the focus of most studies done so far. A recent study reported immunogenicity of iPSC- but not ES-cell-derived teratomas11 and implicated several causative genes. Nevertheless, some controversy has arisen regarding these findings12. Here we examine the immunogenicity of differentiated skin and bone marrow tissues derived from mouse iPSCs. To ensure optimal comparison of iPSCs and ES cells, we established ten integration-free iPSC and seven ES-cell lines using an inbred mouse strain, C57BL/6. We observed no differences in the rate of success of transplantation when skin and bone marrow cells derived from iPSCs were compared with ES-cell-derived tissues. Moreover, we observed limited or no immune responses, including T-cell infiltration, for tissues derived from either iPSCs or ES cells, and no increase in the expression of the immunogenicity-causing Zg16 and Hormad1 genes in regressing skin and teratoma tissues. Our findings suggest limited immunogenicity of transplanted cells differentiated from iPSCs and ES cells.