老人容易健忘可能是因?yàn)樵谒哌^程中發(fā)生于海馬區(qū)的一個(gè)關(guān)鍵記憶過程被削弱了,。(圖片提供:Michael Firbank)
科學(xué)家相信,當(dāng)人們睡覺的時(shí)候,忙碌的大腦正在通過重播白天的事件來形成新的記憶,。然而衰老卻可能會(huì)破壞這一機(jī)制,,同時(shí)讓人們自以為這只是一個(gè)自然過程。一項(xiàng)新的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),,老年小鼠的大腦較少重放之前的事件,,由此帶來的后果便是,它們的記憶比年輕的嚙齒動(dòng)物存在更多的麻煩,。
迄今為止,,科學(xué)家對(duì)于我們的大腦到底如何生成記憶仍然沒有完全搞清,但毫無疑問,,睡眠肯定是其中的重要一環(huán),。當(dāng)人體睡醒后,大腦中的海馬區(qū)似乎能夠重新放映我們的經(jīng)歷,,科學(xué)家相信,,這一過程有助于鞏固人類的記憶。由美國圖森市亞利桑那大學(xué)的神經(jīng)科學(xué)家Carol Barnes領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的一個(gè)研究小組注意到,,類似于老人的老年小鼠有時(shí)會(huì)出現(xiàn)記憶問題,。那么這些記憶障礙是否由于睡眠期間的大腦重放功能的下降所致呢?
在這項(xiàng)研究中,,11只年輕小鼠和11只老年小鼠在幾個(gè)迷宮中記住了獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)食物的位置,。其間,研究人員利用插入到動(dòng)物大腦中的探測(cè)器記錄了小鼠海馬區(qū)的電活動(dòng),。夜晚,,當(dāng)小鼠睡覺后,研究人員再次對(duì)小鼠大腦海馬區(qū)的活動(dòng)進(jìn)行了監(jiān)測(cè),。結(jié)果顯示,,睡眠中的年輕小鼠的海馬區(qū)活動(dòng)與它們?cè)诿詫m中行進(jìn)時(shí)的大腦活動(dòng)類似——顯然,它們的海馬區(qū)正在重放著這些事件。然而老年小鼠的情況就不一樣了,,這意味著它們的重放過程受到了影響,。研究人員在7月30日出版的《神經(jīng)科學(xué)雜志》上報(bào)告了這一研究成果。更多的實(shí)驗(yàn)表明,,習(xí)慣睡午覺的小鼠具有更加牢固的記憶——與老年小鼠相比,,它們能夠更快并且更準(zhǔn)確地記得,游過一個(gè)水坑便能夠在對(duì)面的臺(tái)子上找到食物,。
波士頓大學(xué)的神經(jīng)科學(xué)家Michael Hasselmo認(rèn)為,,這項(xiàng)研究成果表明,在老年人中,,至少一些短期記憶的丟失可能是由于睡眠中的自動(dòng)重放過程的減弱所致,。Hasselmo說,通過瞄準(zhǔn)在重放過程中起到重要作用的大腦化學(xué)物質(zhì),,這一發(fā)現(xiàn)將為改善老年人的記憶水平提供新的方法,。
德國呂貝克大學(xué)的神經(jīng)科學(xué)家Lisa Marshall指出,這項(xiàng)研究同時(shí)也提出了一個(gè)有趣的問題,,那就是延長白天的小睡時(shí)間是否能夠改善老年人的記憶狀況,,這是因?yàn)闄C(jī)體通常都會(huì)嘗試彌補(bǔ)受到影響的重放過程。(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推薦原始出處:
Journal of Neuroscience,,July 30, 2008, 28(31):7883-7890,,Jason L. Gerrard, Carol A. Barnes
Sequence Reactivation in the Hippocampus Is Impaired in Aged Rats
Jason L. Gerrard,2 Sara N. Burke,1,2 Bruce L. McNaughton,1,2,3,5 and Carol A. Barnes1,2,3,4
1Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, 2Arizona Research Laboratories Division of Neural Systems, Memory and Aging, and Departments of 3Psychology, 4Neurology, and 5Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724
Correspondence should be addressed to Dr. Carol A. Barnes, Life Sciences North Building, Room 384, The Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724. Email: [email protected]
The hippocampus is thought to coordinate memory consolidation by reactivating traces from behavioral experience when the brain is not actively processing new input. In fact, during slow-wave sleep, the patterns of CA1 pyramidal cell ensemble activity correlations are reactivated in both young and aged rats. In addition to correlated activity patterns, repetitive track running also creates a recurring sequence of pyramidal cell activity. The present study compared CA1 sequence activity pattern replay in young and old animals during rest periods after behavior. Whereas the young rats exhibited significant sequence reactivation, it was markedly impaired in the aged animals. When the spatial memory scores of all animals were compared with the degree of sequence reactivation, there was a significant correlation. The novel finding that weak replay of temporal patterns has behavioral consequences, strengthens the idea that reactivation processes are integral to memory consolidation.