美國(guó)貝勒醫(yī)學(xué)院(Baylor College of Medicine)的研究人員說(shuō),香煙中使人上癮的成分——尼古?。╪icotine),,“哄騙”了大腦將吸煙行為與當(dāng)時(shí)的環(huán)境狀況相結(jié)合起來(lái)。這項(xiàng)發(fā)現(xiàn)刊登在最近一期的雜志《神經(jīng)元》(Neuron)上,。
“我們的大腦通常將有利于我們生存發(fā)展的事件和當(dāng)時(shí)的環(huán)境狀況聯(lián)系起來(lái),,以便于我們?cè)俅芜M(jìn)行這項(xiàng)行為,從而使我們走向成功生活,。當(dāng)我們做了一件不錯(cuò)的事情,,大腦就會(huì)發(fā)送一次獎(jiǎng)賞信號(hào)。”貝勒醫(yī)學(xué)院的神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)學(xué)教授John A. Dani博士說(shuō)到,,他也是此項(xiàng)研究報(bào)告的作者之一,。“然后,尼古丁借用了這種潛意識(shí)的大腦學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程,,使我們以為吸煙也是正面積極的行為,。”
Dani說(shuō),與吸煙聯(lián)系起來(lái)的環(huán)境狀況可能致使我們有強(qiáng)烈的吸上一口的欲望,。這些暗示可能包括酒精,、與朋友聚餐,或者甚至是從公司開(kāi)車(chē)回家,。為了了解為什么這種聯(lián)系如此之強(qiáng),,Dani和貝勒醫(yī)學(xué)院的神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)學(xué)講師、這項(xiàng)研究報(bào)告的合作者Jianrong Tang博士,,打算通過(guò)記錄老鼠在接受了尼古丁后,,其大腦的活動(dòng)情況。
試驗(yàn)中,,老鼠被放在了分隔成兩個(gè)單間的試驗(yàn)器具中,,它可以在這兩個(gè)單間中隨意走動(dòng)。其中一個(gè)單間,,老鼠會(huì)接受到尼古丁,,另一個(gè)單間,它能得到無(wú)害的含鹽溶液,。接著,,研究者記錄下老鼠在每間房間逗留的時(shí)長(zhǎng),并記錄了老鼠大腦產(chǎn)生新記憶的海馬區(qū)的活動(dòng),。
“試驗(yàn)中老鼠大腦的活動(dòng)變化讓人感到驚奇”Dani說(shuō),,“尼古丁迫使神經(jīng)元的連接數(shù)量是注射鹽溶液的200%,。這種強(qiáng)烈的連接是新記憶的構(gòu)成基礎(chǔ)。”
因此,,相比于只給予了鹽溶液的單間,,老鼠學(xué)習(xí)到該花更多時(shí)間在有尼古丁的單間里。
“我們發(fā)現(xiàn)只有在通常稱(chēng)之為大腦獎(jiǎng)賞中心的地方發(fā)送了一個(gè)多巴胺信號(hào)后,,尼古丁才會(huì)促使神經(jīng)元突觸連接,。那是產(chǎn)生新記憶聯(lián)系的關(guān)鍵性過(guò)程,即使是像吸煙一樣的壞行為也不例外,。”
Dani說(shuō),,了解產(chǎn)生記憶的方式,有利于將來(lái)研究治療記憶障礙的措施,,比如阿爾茨海默?。ˋlzheimer's disease),或者像帕金森氏癥(Parkinson's disease)一樣的多巴胺信號(hào)障礙病癥,。
這項(xiàng)研究由美國(guó)國(guó)家神經(jīng)疾病研究所(National Institute of Neurology Disorders)和美國(guó)中風(fēng)與藥物濫用研究所(Stroke and the National Institute of Drug Abuse)支持,。(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推薦原始出處:
Neuron, 10 September 2009 doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2009.07.025
Dopamine Enables In Vivo Synaptic Plasticity Associated with the Addictive Drug Nicotine
Jianrong Tang1 and John A. Dani1, ,
1 Department of Neuroscience, Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
Addictive drugs induce a dopamine signal that contributes to the initiation of addiction, and the dopamine signal influences drug-associated memories that perpetuate drug use. The addiction process shares many commonalities with the synaptic plasticity mechanisms normally attributed to learning and memory. Environmental stimuli repeatedly linked to addictive drugs become learned associations, and those stimuli come to elicit memories or sensations that motivate continued drug use. Applying in vivo recording techniques to freely moving mice, we show that physiologically relevant concentrations of the addictive drug nicotine directly cause in vivo hippocampal synaptic potentiation of the kind that underlies learning and memory. The drug-induced long-term synaptic plasticity required a local hippocampal dopamine signal. Disrupting general dopamine signaling prevented the nicotine-induced synaptic plasticity and conditioned place preference. These results suggest that dopaminergic signaling serves as a functional label of salient events by enabling and scaling synaptic plasticity that underlies drug-induced associative memory.