用藍(lán)光照射從模型中分離出來的腦干和脊髓會產(chǎn)生像行走一樣的活動,。發(fā)表在《自然·神經(jīng)科學(xué)》上的這一研究發(fā)現(xiàn),,對脊髓損傷后行走的恢復(fù)具有潛在意義,。
卡羅林斯卡研究所的研究人員建立了一個一些神經(jīng)元可被藍(lán)光激活的轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠動物模型,。用藍(lán)光照射從模型中分離出來的腦干和脊髓會產(chǎn)生像行走一樣的活動,。發(fā)表在《自然·神經(jīng)科學(xué)》上的這一研究發(fā)現(xiàn),,對脊髓損傷后行走的恢復(fù)具有潛在意義,。
“這些新的小鼠模型會對未來與行走有關(guān)神經(jīng)元結(jié)構(gòu)的研究產(chǎn)生影響,。我們希望我們的研究會對脊髓損傷病人的治療有所幫助。”研究人員奧萊·凱恩說,。
興奮性神經(jīng)元被認(rèn)為對啟動和維持運(yùn)動或行走起了重要作用,,但還沒有得到證明,。為了驗證“興奮性神經(jīng)元的激活對運(yùn)動是必不可少的”這一假設(shè),研究人員建立了一個在興奮性神經(jīng)元上表達(dá)光敏感蛋白的轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠模型,。
綠藻光敏蛋白2(ChR2)正常存在于藻類,。在藍(lán)光照射下,這些表達(dá)ChR2的細(xì)胞會被激活,。過去曾將ChR2插入到被病毒感染的嚙齒類動物的細(xì)胞里,,但存在一些光線暴露和復(fù)制問題。研究人員通過建立轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠模型克服了這些困難,,成功在特定神經(jīng)元上表達(dá)了ChR2,。
通過將ChR2插入到表達(dá)Vglut2的神經(jīng)細(xì)胞,研究人員建立了Vglut2-ChR2的小鼠模型,。Vglut2是一種轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白,,存在于腦干、脊髓和其它腦組織的大多數(shù)興奮性神經(jīng)元中,。建立這種模型的原因是為了能選擇性地激活腦干和脊髓特定區(qū)域的興奮性神經(jīng)元,,因為興奮性神經(jīng)元被認(rèn)為對啟動運(yùn)動或行走非常重要。
研究人員開始記錄脊髓上的運(yùn)動神經(jīng),。他們發(fā)現(xiàn),,當(dāng)藍(lán)光直接照射脊髓時,這些運(yùn)動神經(jīng)開始了行走樣的活動,,并在整個照射過程中都能維持這一活動,。這就證明,脊髓中表達(dá)Vglut2的興奮性神經(jīng)元激活后足以產(chǎn)生行走活動,。較低位置的腦干暴露在藍(lán)光下也能夠啟動行走一樣的活動,,說明腦干中的興奮性神經(jīng)元足以給脊髓行走神經(jīng)元提供“走”的信號。
所有以上實驗均是在實驗室體外進(jìn)行,,而非在活體動物,。(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推薦原始出處:
Nature Neuroscience 13, 246 - 252 (2010)17 January 2010 | doi:10.1038/nn.2482
Activation of groups of excitatory neurons in the mammalian spinal cord or hindbrain evokes locomotion
Martin Hägglund1, Lotta Borgius1, Kimberly J Dougherty1 & Ole Kiehn1
Abstract
Central pattern generators (CPGs) are spinal neuronal networks required for locomotion. Glutamatergic neurons have been implicated as being important for intrinsic rhythm generation in the CPG and for the command signal for initiating locomotion, although this has not been demonstrated directly. We used a newly generated vesicular glutamate transporter 2–channelrhodopsin2–yellow fluorescent protein (Vglut2-ChR2-YFP) mouse to directly examine the functional role of glutamatergic neurons in rhythm generation and initiation of locomotion. This mouse line expressed ChR2-YFP in the spinal cord and hindbrain. ChR2-YFP was reliably expressed in Vglut2-positive cells and YFP-expressing cells could be activated by light. Photo-stimulation of either the lumbar spinal cord or the caudal hindbrain was sufficient to both initiate and maintain locomotor-like activity. Our results indicate that glutamatergic neurons in the spinal cord are critical for initiating or maintaining the rhythm and that activation of hindbrain areas containing the locomotor command regions is sufficient to directly activate the spinal locomotor network.
1 Mammalian Locomotor Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.