麻省理工和哈佛大學(xué)的神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)學(xué)家有了一項(xiàng)驚人的發(fā)現(xiàn):人腦會(huì)把一些面孔識(shí)別為男性,,但把出現(xiàn)在視野另一位置的同一面孔識(shí)別為女性,。
論文第一作者,、麻省理工麥克高文腦科學(xué)研究院博士后科研助理阿拉什·阿夫拉茲說(shuō),這個(gè)發(fā)現(xiàn)打破了神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)學(xué)科長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)的固有觀念——大腦觀察目標(biāo)物和物體與觀察者相對(duì)位置無(wú)關(guān),。
美國(guó)麻省理工學(xué)院麥戈文腦研究所的研究人員做了這樣一個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn):他們給受試者展示了一組從高度女性化到極端男性化的人臉照片,,并要求受試者據(jù)此回答所見(jiàn)對(duì)象是男性還是女性。受試者還被告知,,這些臉孔照片會(huì)在電腦屏幕的不同位置閃現(xiàn)出來(lái),,每張照片顯示50毫秒的時(shí)間,此時(shí)他們只能將視線落在電腦屏幕中央,。當(dāng)時(shí)受試者離屏幕約0.5米遠(yuǎn),,臉孔照片大概是2厘米高。
然而不同的人得出的結(jié)論不一樣,。每當(dāng)一個(gè)較為中性的面孔從電腦右上角出現(xiàn)時(shí),,某些受試者會(huì)稱(chēng)該臉孔屬于一個(gè)女人,而另外一些人則稱(chēng)這是一張男人的臉,。此項(xiàng)研究的負(fù)責(zé)人阿拉什·阿夫納茲博士(Dr Arash Afraz)說(shuō):“以前我們認(rèn)為人們只要看一眼一個(gè)人的面部就能判斷出他的性別,,結(jié)果出人意料,明明看到的是兩張相同的臉,,卻認(rèn)為他們看起來(lái)不一樣,。”
神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)科學(xué)家研究發(fā)現(xiàn):同樣一張面孔,從某個(gè)角度看上去是男性,,而從另一個(gè)角度看上去就會(huì)變成女性,。
研究人員解釋道,產(chǎn)生這種判斷差異的可能原因是“抽樣偏差(sampling bias)”,。抽樣偏差是指在抽樣調(diào)查中除抽樣誤差(抽樣方法本身所引起的誤差)以外,,由于各種原因而引起的一些偏差。據(jù)說(shuō),,運(yùn)用抽樣進(jìn)行民意調(diào)查的技術(shù)與方法,,歷經(jīng)各種研究與修正,,數(shù)年來(lái)在美國(guó)歷次總體大選所做的民意調(diào)查的預(yù)測(cè)結(jié)果與大選結(jié)果幾乎完全吻合,。例如,,如果倫敦的1000個(gè)人被問(wèn)及他們會(huì)在大選中把票投給誰(shuí),調(diào)查結(jié)果應(yīng)與大選結(jié)果一致,。但是,,如果從一條街道選五人參加調(diào)查,準(zhǔn)確率將很難判斷,。阿夫納茲博士說(shuō):“這樣不會(huì)與真正的結(jié)果一致,,因?yàn)闃颖咎×恕?rdquo;
阿夫納茲博士認(rèn)為,同樣的事情也發(fā)生在大腦中,。原來(lái),,視覺(jué)皮質(zhì)負(fù)責(zé)處理圖片信息,其內(nèi)含有分析不同視角的細(xì)胞群,。每一個(gè)細(xì)胞群內(nèi),,只有一小部分神經(jīng)細(xì)胞負(fù)責(zé)辨別人類(lèi)面孔的性別信息。而人類(lèi)所看到的圖片越小,,被激活的神經(jīng)細(xì)胞就越少,。結(jié)果,細(xì)胞群內(nèi)被激活的一部分是那些與辨別男性面孔相關(guān)的神經(jīng)細(xì)胞,,另一部分被激活的大部分是可辨別女性面孔的神經(jīng)細(xì)胞,。
現(xiàn)實(shí)中這種視覺(jué)差異并不為人注意的原因在于有太多的性別線索供人類(lèi)判斷對(duì)方性別,比如發(fā)型和衣著,。而科學(xué)家用電腦將人類(lèi)面孔所有可判斷性別的外在特征處理掉后,,發(fā)現(xiàn)實(shí)際上人腦很難判斷對(duì)方的性別到底是什么。
長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)科學(xué)家們一直認(rèn)為大腦看待物體的方式同觀察視角無(wú)關(guān),,而該研究結(jié)果使這一理論受到了挑戰(zhàn),。此外,在人們成長(zhǎng)過(guò)程中逐漸形成的下意識(shí)的辨別能力是人類(lèi)自我沒(méi)有意識(shí)到的,。 (生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推薦原文出處:
Current Biology 10.1016/j.cub.2010.11.017
Spatial Heterogeneity in the Perception of Face and Form Attributes
Arash Afraz, Maryam Vaziri Pashkam, Patrick Cavanagh
Highlights
The same face may look male or female depending on its location in the visual field The spatial pattern of this effect is distinctive and stable for each individual Lack of translation invariance can be observed for other visual attributes as well Translation tolerance depends on the spatial scale of processing for each attribute
Summary
The identity of an object is a fixed property, independent of where it appears, and an effective visual system should capture this invariance [1,2,3]. However, we now report that the perceived gender of a face is strongly biased toward male or female at different locations in the visual field. The spatial pattern of these biases was distinctive and stable for each individual. Identical neutral faces looked different when they were presented simultaneously at locations maximally biased to opposite genders. A similar effect was observed for perceived age of faces. We measured the magnitude of this perceptual heterogeneity for four other visual judgments: perceived aspect ratio, orientation discrimination, spatial-frequency discrimination, and color discrimination. The effect was sizeable for the aspect ratio task but substantially smaller for the other three tasks. We also evaluated perceptual heterogeneity for facial gender and orientation tasks at different spatial scales. Strong heterogeneity was observed even for the orientation task when tested at small scales. We suggest that perceptual heterogeneity is a general property of visual perception and results from undersampling of the visual signal at spatial scales that are small relative to the size of the receptive fields associated with each visual attribute.