據(jù)美國科學促進會網(wǎng)站報道,由美國俄亥俄州立大學的神經(jīng)科學系與戴維斯心肺研究所合作展開的小鼠實驗證實,,長期暴露在污染的空氣中會引起大腦的物理性變化,,降低學習記憶能力,甚至引發(fā)抑郁癥,。該研究成果發(fā)表在本周的《分子精神病學》雜志的網(wǎng)站上,。
污染空氣中含有由汽車、工廠排放的廢棄物和自然粉塵組成的細顆粒物,。這些細顆粒物非常微小,,直徑大概只有2.5微米,相當于人類頭發(fā)平均寬度的三十分之一,,能深入到肺和其他器官內(nèi)部。
戴維斯心肺研究所在此前的小鼠實驗中發(fā)現(xiàn),,空氣中的細顆粒物質(zhì)能導(dǎo)致身體大范圍的炎癥,,引起高血壓、糖尿病和肥胖癥,,這項新實驗將研究范圍擴展到了大腦,。
研究人員把小鼠分成兩組,一組放在過濾的空氣中,,一組放在污染空氣中,,每天6個小時,每周5天,。污染空氣與某些市區(qū)的空氣污染程度相當,。研究持續(xù)了10個月,這相當于小鼠生命周期的一半時間,。
10個月后,,研究人員對小鼠做了多項行為測試。在學習和記憶測試中,,小鼠被放置在非常明亮的空間里,,被要求在兩分鐘時間內(nèi)找到逃生洞。逃生洞連著一個黑盒子,,在這里小鼠們比較有安全感,。5天的訓練時間里,在污染空氣中生活的小鼠用了更長的時間才記住逃生洞的位置,,在正式的測試中它們也沒能準確記住逃生洞的位置,。另外一個實驗中,,它們也表現(xiàn)出有患上抑郁癥的癥狀。
大腦的海馬區(qū)控制著學習記憶能力和抑郁情緒,。研究人員對小鼠海馬區(qū)做了詳細觀察,,結(jié)果顯示,暴露在污染空氣中的小鼠與另外一組小鼠的海馬區(qū)有著明顯的不同,,它們海馬區(qū)的樹突棘偏少,,樹突更短,細胞復(fù)雜性降低,,這些會造成學習記憶能力降低,;且促炎細胞因子更加活躍,引發(fā)身體發(fā)炎,,導(dǎo)致人類身體健康出現(xiàn)問題,,其中包括抑郁癥。
論文第一作者,、俄亥俄州立大學神經(jīng)科學博士生勞拉·方肯介紹,,之前的研究已經(jīng)證明空氣污染對心肺具有破壞性影響,新研究是針對空氣污染的首批長期性研究之一,,證實了空氣污染也會對大腦產(chǎn)生負面影響,,全世界生活和工作在污染城區(qū)的人們都面臨此種問題。(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推薦原文出處:
Molecular Psychiatry doi:10.1038/mp.2011.76
Air pollution impairs cognition, provokes depressive-like behaviors and alters hippocampal cytokine expression and morphology
L K Fonken, X Xu, Z M Weil, G Chen, Q Sun, S Rajagopalan and R J Nelson
Particulate matter air pollution is a pervasive global risk factor implicated in the genesis of pulmonary and cardiovascular disease. Although the effects of prolonged exposure to air pollution are well characterized with respect to pulmonary and cardiovascular function, comparatively little is known about the impact of particulate matter on affective and cognitive processes. The central nervous system may be adversely affected by activation of reactive oxygen species and pro-inflammatory pathways that accompany particulate matter pollution. Thus, we investigated whether long-term exposure to ambient fine airborne particulate matter (<2.5?μm (PM2.5)) affects cognition, affective responses, hippocampal inflammatory cytokines and neuronal morphology. Male mice were exposed to either PM2.5 or filtered air (FA) for 10 months. PM2.5 mice displayed more depressive-like responses and impairments in spatial learning and memory as compared with mice exposed to FA. Hippocampal pro-inflammatory cytokine expression was elevated among PM2.5 mice. Apical dendritic spine density and dendritic branching were decreased in the hippocampal CA1 and CA3 regions, respectively, of PM2.5 mice. Taken together, these data suggest that long-term exposure to particulate air pollution levels typical of exposure in major cities around the globe can alter affective responses and impair cognition.