你是個(gè)五音不全的人嗎,?你唱歌跑調(diào)嗎?最新研究發(fā)現(xiàn),,唱歌找不著調(diào)竟然是種病,,這樣的人,在醫(yī)學(xué)上被稱為失歌者(Amusia),。失歌者在人群中的比例大約是4%左右,,這使得無數(shù)“病友”對(duì)自己多年來的“不著調(diào)”恍然大悟:“原來我病了這么多年!”
英國《自然-神經(jīng)科學(xué)》(Nature Neuroscience)雜志上的研究數(shù)據(jù)表示,,失歌癥者在人群中的比例大約是4%左右,。早在19世紀(jì)就有文獻(xiàn)對(duì)失歌癥進(jìn)行了描述,文獻(xiàn)里面記載了許多人終生對(duì)音樂就沒有認(rèn)識(shí)的軼事,。不過直到2002年第一份研究失歌癥的論文才正式發(fā)表,。這項(xiàng)研究的負(fù)責(zé)人是加拿大蒙特利爾大學(xué)的伊莎貝拉?珀利茲,。
失歌癥(amusia)
澳大利亞研究人員指出,,唱歌找不著調(diào)也是一種病,被稱為“失歌癥”,,由大腦左半球(右利手者)顳葉前部病變?cè)斐?。患者部分或全部喪失本來具有的認(rèn)知音符和歌唱演奏欣賞樂曲等能力,。
澳大利亞麥考瑞大學(xué)的比爾,?湯普森教授對(duì)失歌癥進(jìn)行的一項(xiàng)新研究表明,有4%的人患有這種唱歌不著調(diào)的毛病,。此外,,失歌癥患者可能還存在溝通障礙,如辨別不出對(duì)方語言中傳達(dá)的表示生氣,、害怕或諷刺等情緒,。他們經(jīng)常會(huì)遺漏對(duì)方通過語調(diào)表達(dá)的“弦外之音”。但他們?nèi)钥梢愿惺艿街v話者大喜大悲等明顯情感,。
在澳大利亞新南威爾士大學(xué)召開的國際音樂交流科學(xué)大會(huì)上,,湯普森教授表示,音樂通過音高,、音量,、速度或音質(zhì)的改變而傳情達(dá)意,這與講話時(shí)通過語音語調(diào)交流情感的方式不謀而合,。語調(diào)可以改變句子的意思,,但失歌癥患者不能辨別語調(diào),而只能依靠情景或肢體語言識(shí)別說話者想要表達(dá)的意思,。失歌癥與遺傳和早期發(fā)育都有一定關(guān)系,,其中一些人可以通過發(fā)音訓(xùn)練得到糾正,,還有一些人需要進(jìn)一步的治療。
失歌癥的表現(xiàn)
1,、擁有正常的聽力,,智力和記憶力,卻完全無法感知音樂,。對(duì)他們來說大多數(shù)曲調(diào)聽起來都差不多,,如果聽不到歌詞即使很熟悉的歌曲他們也聽不出來,不和諧的和弦令大多數(shù)人避之不及,,他們卻不覺得難聽,。
2,、失歌癥患者不能準(zhǔn)確地唱出一首歌,。不過他們往往意識(shí)不到,以為自己唱得還不錯(cuò),。
3,、失歌癥可能存在很多種情況。大約一半失歌癥患者在韻律認(rèn)識(shí)方面有問題,,但還是有一些失歌癥患者喜歡音樂,,因?yàn)樗麄兒芟胂硎苣欠N韻律感。
4,、在有的失歌癥患者聽來,,音樂就像用扳手敲擊水管一樣讓人感到不舒服。不過覺得音樂難以忍受的患者只是少數(shù),,對(duì)大多數(shù)患者來說,,音樂只會(huì)令他們感到困惑。
失歌癥或?yàn)檫z傳
大約有4%的人患有失歌癥,,而且失歌癥表現(xiàn)出較強(qiáng)的遺傳性,。究竟是什么導(dǎo)致失歌癥?珀利茲推測(cè)人腦中有一個(gè)專門處理音樂的“模塊”,,當(dāng)這個(gè)部分發(fā)育不全時(shí)人們就會(huì)出現(xiàn)失歌癥癥狀,。正是因?yàn)槿绱耸Ц璋Y單單影響患者的音樂認(rèn)識(shí),而對(duì)聽力,,智力等都沒影響,。如果珀利茲的推測(cè)正確的話,,那么音樂同語言一樣,,是在人類進(jìn)化過程中為適應(yīng)環(huán)境需要而被先天植入腦部的。
唱歌跑調(diào)者方向感差
2007年發(fā)表在《自然》(Nature)上的一項(xiàng)研究結(jié)果提示,,人對(duì)音樂中音高部分的處理可能與空間認(rèn)知能力有關(guān),。研究選擇了失歌者,、普通人、音樂家三組不同的人作為研究對(duì)象,,然后對(duì)他們的音樂能力以及空間認(rèn)知能力進(jìn)行測(cè)定,。音樂能力的測(cè)定主要依據(jù)音樂能力測(cè)評(píng)量表——蒙特利爾失歌癥系列測(cè)評(píng)(Montreal Battery of Evaluation of Amusia, MBEA),,空間認(rèn)知能力則體現(xiàn)在對(duì)立體圖形的旋轉(zhuǎn)能力方面(簡(jiǎn)單點(diǎn)說,,就是空間想像力)。
研究者們發(fā)現(xiàn),,失歌者的空間處理能力較其他兩組差許多(統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)上有顯著差異),。不過,在被要求同時(shí)進(jìn)行空間處理和音高識(shí)別任務(wù)時(shí),,正常人和音樂家的錯(cuò)誤率就會(huì)較單獨(dú)完成一項(xiàng)任務(wù)時(shí)明顯升高,,而失歌者則無顯著改變。
研究人員推測(cè),,在人的大腦中,,空間處理與旋律識(shí)別這兩個(gè)認(rèn)知過程之間存在一定的重疊,當(dāng)同時(shí)進(jìn)行這兩項(xiàng)進(jìn)程時(shí),,可能因存在沖突而使得正常人和音樂家的錯(cuò)誤率明顯升高,,而失歌癥與空間處理能力受損之間可能存在一定的相關(guān)性,所以他們單獨(dú)或是同時(shí)進(jìn)行空間處理和音高識(shí)別的錯(cuò)誤率沒有差別,。(生物谷Bioon.com)
doi:10.1093/brain/awf028
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Congenital amusia: a group study of adults afflicted with a music-specific disorder
Julie Ayotte, Isabelle Peretz and Krista Hyde
The condition of congenital amusia, commonly known as tone-deafness, has been described for more than a century, but has received little empirical attention. In the present study, a research effort has been made to document in detail the behavioural manifestations of congenital amusia. A group of 11 adults, fitting stringent criteria of musical disabilities, were examined in a series of tests originally designed to assess the presence and specificity of musical disorders in brain-damaged patients. The results show that congenital amusia is related to severe deficiencies in processing pitch variations. The deficit extends to impairments in music memory and recognition as well as in singing and the ability to tap in time to music. Interestingly, the disorder appears specific to the musical domain. Congenital amusical individuals process and recognize speech, including speech prosody, common environmental sounds and human voices, as well as control subjects. Thus, the present study convincingly demonstrates the existence of congenital amusia as a new class of learning disabilities that affect musical abilities.
doi:10.1038/nn1925
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Amusia is associated with deficits in spatial processing
Katie M Douglas & David K Bilkey
Amusia (commonly referred to as tone-deafness) is a difficulty in discriminating pitch changes in melodies that affects around 4% of the human population. Amusia cannot be explained as a simple sensory impairment. Here we show that amusia is strongly related to a deficit in spatial processing in adults. Compared to two matched control groups (musicians and non-musicians), participants in the amusic group were significantly impaired on a visually presented mental rotation task. Amusic subjects were also less prone to interference in a spatial stimulus-response incompatibility task and performed significantly faster than controls in an interference task in which they were required to make simple pitch discriminations while concurrently performing a mental rotation task. This indicates that the processing of pitch in music normally depends on the cognitive mechanisms that are used to process spatial representations in other modalities.