據(jù)每日科學(xué)網(wǎng)站報(bào)道,,發(fā)表在近日《神經(jīng)科學(xué)期刊》上的一項(xiàng)最新研究顯示,,雄性幼鼠比雌性同類擁有更多的可促進(jìn)語言發(fā)育的特定腦蛋白,。同時(shí),,研究人員還通過對一群小孩子進(jìn)行測試,,發(fā)現(xiàn)人類腦蛋白也存在性別差異,。這一發(fā)現(xiàn)可能揭示動物之間通信和人類語言交流方面的性別差異,。
孩童在初學(xué)語言和語言發(fā)展階段表現(xiàn)出了明顯的性別差異——平均而言,女孩往往說話比較早,而且比同齡男孩的語言表達(dá)內(nèi)容更復(fù)雜,??茖W(xué)家們一直在探討這些差異的起因和意義。以往的研究表明,,在人類,、鳥類和其它哺乳動物當(dāng)中,F(xiàn)oxp2蛋白在語言交流方面扮演著重要角色,。
在這項(xiàng)新實(shí)驗(yàn)中,,馬里蘭大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院的邁克爾·鮑爾斯、瑪格麗特·麥卡錫以及他們的同事對大腦發(fā)育過程中Foxp2蛋白表達(dá)的性別差異是否會造成男女交流上的差異進(jìn)行了研究,。
他們分析了出生僅4天的雄性和雌性幼鼠大腦中Foxp2蛋白的基本情況,,并將它們與父母或者兄弟姐妹分開時(shí)發(fā)出的超聲波悲鳴聲進(jìn)行了比較。結(jié)果顯示,,與雌性相比,,雄性幼鼠大腦與認(rèn)知、情感和發(fā)聲相關(guān)的區(qū)域中Foxp2蛋白的含量更多,,而且在5分鐘左右的分離期中,,它們制造的噪音是雌性的兩倍,由此被母親最先發(fā)現(xiàn)并帶回巢,。
但是,,當(dāng)研究人員減少雄性幼鼠大腦中Foxp2蛋白,并給雌性幼鼠注射更多Foxp2蛋白時(shí),,情況出現(xiàn)了顛倒——雌性幼鼠發(fā)出的叫聲更像雄性,,而雄性的叫聲更像雌性。這種變化導(dǎo)致母親的行為也發(fā)生了轉(zhuǎn)變,,它會優(yōu)先帶雌性幼鼠回巢,。
此外,研究人員還對一群孩子進(jìn)行了Foxp2蛋白的初步研究,。他們發(fā)現(xiàn),,與幼鼠中雄性的Foxp2蛋白較多不同,在控制語言的腦區(qū)皮質(zhì)里,,女孩比同齡男孩擁有更多的Foxp2蛋白,。
“這是首個(gè)報(bào)告人類或動物大腦中與語言相關(guān)的蛋白的表達(dá)存在性別差異的研究之一。”麥卡錫說,,“這些發(fā)現(xiàn)增加了大腦和行為方面的性別差異比此前認(rèn)為的更普遍,、建立得更早的可能性。”(生物谷Bioon.com)
doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0425-12.2013
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Foxp2 Mediates Sex Differences in Ultrasonic Vocalization by Rat Pups and Directs Order of Maternal Retrieval
J. Michael Bowers, Miguel Perez-Pouchoulen, N. Shalon Edwards, and Margaret M. McCarthy
The FOXP2 gene is central to acquisition of speech and language in humans and vocal production in birds and mammals. Rodents communicate via ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) and newborn pups emit distress USVs when separated from their dam, thereby facilitating their retrieval. We observed that isolated male rat pups emitted substantially more USV calls and these were characterized by a significantly lower frequency and amplitude compared with female rat pups. Moreover, the dam was more likely to first retrieve male pups back to the nest, then females. The amount of Foxp2 protein was significantly higher in multiple regions of the developing male brain compared with females and a reduction of brain Foxp2 by siRNA eliminated the sex differences in USVs and altered the order of pup retrieval. Our results implicate Foxp2 as a component of the neurobiological basis of sex differences in vocal communication in mammals. We extended these observations to humans, a species reported to have gender differences in language acquisition, and found the amount of FOXP2 protein in the left hemisphere.